Editing Cervical cancer (section)

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Cervix uteri cancer world map - Death - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Age adjustment|Age-standardized]] death from cervical cancer per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=11 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111101009/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |archive-date=11 November 2009 }}</ref>
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Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common type of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women, with over 660,000 new cases and around 350,000 deaths in 2022.<ref name="WCR2014"/><ref name="auto1"/> It is the second-most common cause of female-specific cancer after [[breast cancer]], accounting for around 8% of both total cancer cases and total cancer deaths in women.<ref name=WCR2014Total/> 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in [[Developing country|low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)]] and 2% (2020 figure) in [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income countries (HICs)]].<ref name="WHO2022" />{{rp|p=650}}<ref name="auto"/><ref name=Kent2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kent A | title = HPV Vaccination and Testing | journal = Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–34 | date = Winter 2010 | pmid = 20508781 | pmc = 2876324 }}</ref> It is the most frequently detected cancer during pregnancy, with an occurrence of 1.5 to 12 for every 100,000 pregnancies.<ref name=CordeiroGemignani2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cordeiro CN, Gemignani ML | title = Gynecologic Malignancies in Pregnancy: Balancing Fetal Risks With Oncologic Safety | journal = Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 184–193 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28304416 | pmc = 5358514 | doi = 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000407 }}</ref>

<blockquote>The large majority of cervical cancer cases in 2020 (88%) occurred in LMICs, where they account for 17% of all cancers in women, compared with only 2% in high-income countries (HICs). In sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the highest rates of young women living with HIV (WLWH), approximately 20% of cervical cancer cases occur in WLWH. HPV infection is more likely to persist and to progress to cancer in WLWH. Mortality rates vary 50-fold between countries, ranging from <2 per 100 000 women in some HICs to >40 per 100 000 in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name="WHO2022" />{{rp|p=650}}</blockquote>

===Africa===
Of the 20 hardest hit countries by cervical cancer, 19 are in [[Africa]].<ref name=WHO4October2024 />

===Australia===

[[Australia]] is on target to eliminate cervical cancer.<ref name=WHO17November2023/> It anticipates to achieve this in the next 10 years.<ref name=WHO17November2023/>

In 2022, it is estimated that 942 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in Australia. In 2022, it is estimated that a female has a 1 in 180 (or 0.56%) risk of being diagnosed with cervical cancer by the age of 85.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Cervical cancer in Australia statistics |url=https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/statistics |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Australian Government- Cancer Australia}}</ref>

In 2020, there were 165 women aged 25–74 who died from cervical cancer, which is a mortality rate of 2 deaths per 100,000 women in the population. Over the 5 years 2016–2020, there were 62 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women aged 25–74 who died from cervical cancer, which is a mortality rate of 7 deaths per 100,000 Indigenous women in the population. Over the 5 years 2016–2020, the age-standardised mortality rate among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women was 3.8 times the rate of non-Indigenous Australians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Cervical Screening Program monitoring report 2022, Summary |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer-screening/ncsp-monitoring-2022/summary |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |date=December 2022 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The number of women diagnosed with cervical cancer has dropped on average by 4.5% each year since organised screening began in 1991 (1991–2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=  http://www.papscreen.org.au/browse.asp?ContainerID=c15|title=  Incidence and mortality rates|date= January 1900|url-status=  live|archive-url=  https://web.archive.org/web/20090912091409/http://www.papscreen.org.au/browse.asp?ContainerID=c15|archive-date=12 September 2009}}</ref> Regular twice-yearly Pap tests [this is out of date] can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer up to 90% in Australia, and save 1,200 Australian women from dying from the disease each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.papscreen.org.au/ |title = Papscreen Victoria |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314211744/http://www.papscreen.org.au/ |archive-date=14 March 2011 }}</ref>  It is predicted that because of the success of the primary HPV testing programme there will be fewer than four new cases per 100 000 women annually by 2028.<ref name="pmid30291040">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hall MT, Simms KT, Lew JB, Smith MA, Brotherton JM, Saville M, Frazer IH, Canfell K | title = The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study | journal = The Lancet. Public Health | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = e19–e27 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30291040 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X | s2cid = 52924713 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Canada ===
An estimated 1,450 Canadians will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2022. An estimated 380 will die from it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2022 |title=Cervical Cancer statistics |url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/cervical/statistics |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Canadian Cancer Society}}</ref>

=== India ===
In India, the number of people with cervical cancer is rising, but overall the age-adjusted rates are decreasing.<ref>National Cancer Registry Programme under Indian Council of Medical Research Reports</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plunes.com/|title=Plunes HealthCare - Surgery Experience Made Easy &#124; Upto 50% Off|website=www.plunes.com}}</ref> Usage of condoms in the female population has improved the survival of women with cancers of the cervix.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krishnatreya M, Kataki AC, Sharma JD, Nandy P, Gogoi G | title = Association of educational levels with survival in Indian patients with cancer of the uterine cervix | journal = Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 3121–3123 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25921107 | doi = 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3121 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== European Union ===
As of 2022, the World Health Organization announced that "each year in the WHO European Region more than 66 000 women are newly diagnosed with cervical cancer and more than 30 000 die from this preventable disease."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The cancer we can eliminate – WHO/Europe urges Member States to consign cervical cancer to history |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/12-09-2022-the-cancer-we-can-eliminate---who-europe-urges-member-states-to-consign-cervical-cancer-to-history |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{update section|date=September 2021}}
Cervical cancer is the 12th-most common cancer in women in the UK (around 3,100 women were diagnosed with the disease in 2011) and accounts for 1% of cancer deaths (around 920 died in 2012).<ref>{{cite web|title=Cervical cancer statistics |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/cervix/|website=Cancer Research UK|access-date=27 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007131242/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/cervix/ |archive-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> With a 42% reduction from 1988 to 1997, the NHS-implemented screening programme has been highly successful, screening the highest-risk age group (25–49 years) every 3 years, and those ages 50–64 every 5 years.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===United States===
{{update section|date=September 2021}}
An estimated 13,170 new cervical cancers and 4,250 cervical cancer deaths will occur in the United States in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html|title=Cancer Stat Facts: Cervical Cancer|website=National Cancer Institute SEER Program|access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> The median age at diagnosis is 50. The rate of new cases in the United States was 7.3 per 100,000 women, based on rates from 2012 to 2016. Cervical cancer deaths decreased by approximately 74% in the last 50 years, largely due to widespread Pap test screening.<ref name=Armstrong10>{{cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong EP | title = Prophylaxis of cervical cancer and related cervical disease: a review of the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against oncogenic HPV types | journal = Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 217–230 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20331326 | doi = 10.18553/jmcp.2010.16.3.217 | pmc = 10437588 | s2cid = 14373353 }}</ref> The annual direct medical cost of cervical cancer prevention and treatment before the introduction of the HPV vaccine was estimated at $6&nbsp;billion.<ref name=Armstrong10/>

=== Nigeria ===
The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) reports that 28 Nigerian women lose their lives daily due to this disease. This alarming statistic underscores the pressing need for better awareness, prevention, and treatment efforts nationally. Numerous Nigerian women lack access to these preventive measures. In many regions of the country, screening tests such as Pap tests and HPV tests are not easily accessible or affordable<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Eliminating Cervical Cancer in Nigeria: How Awareness, Infrastructure, and Government Support Can Make a Difference - My Daily News Usa |url=https://mydailynewsusa.com/eliminating-cervical-cancer-in-nigeria-how-awareness-infrastructure-and-government-support-can-make-a-difference/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415025948/https://mydailynewsusa.com/eliminating-cervical-cancer-in-nigeria-how-awareness-infrastructure-and-government-support-can-make-a-difference/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Sahana DU |date=2023-04-04 |title=Eliminating Cervical Cancer in Nigeria: How Awareness, Infrastructure, and Government Support Can Make a Difference |url=https://mydailynewsusa.com/eliminating-cervical-cancer-in-nigeria-how-awareness-infrastructure-and-government-support-can-make-a-difference/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=My Daily News Usa |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415025948/https://mydailynewsusa.com/eliminating-cervical-cancer-in-nigeria-how-awareness-infrastructure-and-government-support-can-make-a-difference/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>