Editing Carl Linnaeus (section)

==Apostles==
{{Main|Apostles of Linnaeus}}
[[File:Carl Peter Thunberg x Jacob Fredrik Ek.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Carl Peter Thunberg]] was a [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] physician and an [[apostles of Linnaeus|apostle of Linnaeus]].]]
[[File:Pehr Forsskål portrait (cropped and color balanced).png|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Peter Forsskål]] was among the apostles who met a tragic fate abroad.]]

During Linnaeus's time as Professor and Rector of Uppsala University, he taught [[List of students of Linnaeus|many devoted students]], 17 of whom he called "apostles". They were the most promising, most committed students, and all of them made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with his help. The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a scholarship or a place on an expedition.<ref>[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], pp. 189–190.</ref> To most of the apostles he gave instructions of what to look for on their journeys. Abroad, the apostles collected and organised new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus's system. Most of them also gave some of their collection to Linnaeus when their journey was finished.<ref>[[#Broberg|Broberg (2006)]], pp. 37–39.</ref> Thanks to these students, the Linnaean system of taxonomy spread through the world without Linnaeus ever having to travel outside Sweden after his return from Holland.<ref>[[#Anderson|Anderson (1997)]], pp. 92–93.</ref> The British botanist [[William T. Stearn]] notes, without Linnaeus's new system, it would not have been possible for the apostles to collect and organise so many new specimens.<ref name="Blunt184-185">[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], pp. 184–185.</ref> Many of the apostles died during their expeditions.

===Early expeditions===
Christopher Tärnström, the first apostle and a 43-year-old pastor with a wife and children, made his journey in 1746. He boarded a [[Swedish East India Company]] ship headed for China. Tärnström never reached his destination, dying of a tropical fever on [[Côn Sơn Island]] the same year. Tärnström's widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless, causing Linnaeus to prefer sending out younger, unmarried students after Tärnström.<ref>[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], pp. 185–186.</ref> Six other apostles later died on their expeditions, including [[Pehr Forsskål]] and [[Pehr Löfling]].<ref name="Blunt184-185"/>

Two years after Tärnström's expedition, Finnish-born [[Pehr Kalm]] set out as the second apostle to North America. There he spent two-and-a-half years studying the flora and fauna of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Canada. Linnaeus was overjoyed when Kalm returned, bringing back with him many pressed flowers and seeds. At least 90 of the 700 North American species described in ''Species Plantarum'' had been brought back by Kalm.<ref>[[#Anderson|Anderson (1997)]], pp. 93–94.</ref>

===Cook expeditions and Japan===
[[File:Mortimer - Captain James Cook, Sir Joseph Banks, Lord Sandwich, Dr Daniel Solander and Dr John Hawkesworth.jpg|thumb |right |Apostle [[Daniel Solander]] (far left) with [[Joseph Banks]] (left, sitting) accompanied [[James Cook]] (centre) on his journey to Australia.]]
[[Daniel Solander]] was living in Linnaeus's house during his time as a student in Uppsala. Linnaeus was very fond of him, promising Solander his eldest daughter's hand in marriage. On Linnaeus's recommendation, Solander travelled to England in 1760, where he met the English botanist [[Joseph Banks]]. With Banks, Solander joined [[James Cook]] on his expedition to Oceania on the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' in 1768–71.<ref>[[#Anderson|Anderson (1997)]], p. 96.</ref><ref>[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], pp. 191–192.</ref> Solander was not the only apostle to journey with James Cook; [[Anders Sparrman]] followed on the ''[[HMS Resolution (1771)|Resolution]]'' in 1772–75 bound for, among other places, Oceania and South America. Sparrman made many other expeditions, one of them to South Africa.<ref>[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], pp. 192–193.</ref>

Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was [[Carl Peter Thunberg]], who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770. He stayed in South Africa for three years, then travelled to [[Japan]]. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the island of [[Dejima]] outside [[Nagasaki]], so it was thus hard for Thunberg to study the flora. He did, however, manage to persuade some of the translators to bring him different plants, and he also found plants in the gardens of Dejima. He returned to Sweden in 1779, one year after Linnaeus's death.<ref>[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], pp. 193–194.</ref>