Editing Caesarean section (section)

==Recovery==
It is common for women who undergo caesarean section to have reduced or absent bowel movements for hours to days.  During this time, women may experience abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. This usually resolves without treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira Gomes Morais E, Riera R, Porfírio GJ, Macedo CR, Sarmento Vasconcelos V, de Souza Pedrosa A, Torloni MR | title = Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 10 | pages = CD011562 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27747876 | pmc = 6472604 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011562.pub2 }}</ref> Poorly controlled pain following non-emergent caesarean section occurs in between 13% and 78% of women.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang MM, Hartley RL, Leung AA, Ronksley PE, Jetté N, Casha S, Riva-Cambrin J | title = Preoperative predictors of poor acute postoperative pain control: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = e025091 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30940757 | pmc = 6500309 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025091 }}</ref> Following caesarean delivery, complementary and alternative therapies (e.g., [[acupuncture]]) may help to relieve pain, though evidence supporting the efficacy of such treatments is extremely limited.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zimpel SA, Torloni MR, Porfírio GJ, Flumignan RL, da Silva EM | title = Complementary and alternative therapies for post-caesarean pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 9 | pages = CD011216 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32871021 | pmc = 9701535 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011216.pub2 | s2cid = 221466152 }}</ref> Abdominal, wound, and back pain can continue for months after a caesarean section. [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] can be helpful.<ref name=NICE2011 /> For the first couple of weeks after a caesarean, women should avoid lifting anything heavier than their baby. To minimize pain during breastfeeding, women should experiment with different breastfeeding holds including the football hold and side-lying hold.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/c-section-recovery/art-20047310 |title = C-section recovery: What to expect|website = [[Mayo Clinic]]}}</ref> Women who have had a caesarean are more likely to experience pain that interferes with their usual activities than women who have vaginal births, although by six months there is generally no longer a difference.<ref name="Lydon-Rochelle">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lydon-Rochelle MT, Holt VL, Martin DP | title = Delivery method and self-reported postpartum general health status among primiparous women | journal = Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 232–240 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11489150 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00345.x }}</ref> Pain during sexual intercourse is less likely than after vaginal birth; by six months there is no difference.<ref name=NICE2011 />

There may be a somewhat higher incidence of postnatal depression in the first weeks after childbirth for women who have caesarean sections, but this difference does not persist.<ref name=NICE2011 /> Some women who have had caesarean sections, especially emergency caesareans, experience [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref name=NICE2011 />

A woman who undergoes caesarean section has 18.3% chance of chronic surgical pain at three months and 6.8% chance of surgical pain at 12 months.<ref name="pmid27756207">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jin J, Peng L, Chen Q, Zhang D, Ren L, Qin P, Min S | title = Prevalence and risk factors for chronic pain following cesarean section: a prospective study | journal = BMC Anesthesiology | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 99 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27756207 | pmc = 5069795 | doi = 10.1186/s12871-016-0270-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In recent meta-analyses, caesarean section has been associated with a lower risk of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse compared to vaginal delivery.<ref name="pmid29360829">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keag OE, Norman JE, Stock SJ | title = Long-term risks and benefits associated with cesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = e1002494 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29360829 | pmc = 5779640 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002494 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid31731021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gachon B, De Tayrac R, Schmitz T, Mahmood T, Nizard J, Fritel X | title = Should we advise women that pre-labor caesarean section prevents pelvic floor dysfunction? | journal = European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology | volume = 244 | pages = 31–34 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31731021 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.10.037 | s2cid = 208064082 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Women who have vaginal births, after a previous caesarean, are more than twice as likely to subsequently have pelvic floor surgery as those who have another caesarean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathryn E. |last2=Abdel-Fattah |first2=Mohamed |last3=Hemelaar |first3=Joris |last4=Kurinczuk |first4=Jennifer J. |last5=Quigley |first5=Maria A. |date=2022-11-22 |title=Planned mode of birth after previous cesarean section and risk of undergoing pelvic floor surgery: A Scottish population-based record linkage cohort study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=e1004119 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004119 |doi-access=free |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=9681109 |pmid=36413515}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 January 2024 |title=Does vaginal birth after a previous caesarean section increase the risk of pelvic floor surgery? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/does-vaginal-birth-after-previous-caesarean-section-increase-risk-pelvic-floor-surgery/ |journal=NIHR Evidence|doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61860 |s2cid=267222803 }}</ref>