Editing Brazil (section)

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Brazil}}
[[File:Vls1-mockup-test.jpg|thumb|[[VLS-1]] at the [[Alcântara Launch Center]] of the [[Brazilian Space Agency]], in [[Alcântara, Maranhão|Alcântara]], [[Maranhão]]]]
[[File:Ministro participa da inauguração do acelerador de partículas Sirius. (30970744907).jpg|thumb|[[Sirius (synchrotron light source)|Sirius]], a [[diffraction-limited storage ring]] [[synchrotron light source]] at the [[Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron]], in [[Campinas]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]]]

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.<ref name="DevelopmentStaff2006v">{{Cite book |last1=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI8pqyWIluYC&pg=PA94 |title=OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006 |last2=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-64-02999-6 |page=94}}</ref> Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the [[Fundação Oswaldo Cruz|Oswaldo Cruz Institute]], the [[Instituto Butantan|Butantan Institute]], the Air Force's [[Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology|Aerospace Technical Center]], the [[Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária|Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation]] and the [[National Institute for Space Research]].<ref name="Scientific2010f">{{Cite book |last=United Nations Educational, Scientific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110 |title=UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World |publisher=UNESCO |year=2010 |isbn=978-92-3-104132-7 |pages=110–18 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184347/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HarveySmid2010">{{Cite book |last1=Brian Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324 |title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America |last2=Henk H.F. Smid |last3=Thâeo Pirard |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2 |page=324 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184349/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Brazilian Space Agency]] has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of [[artificial satellite|satellites]].{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PA628 628]}} The country develops [[submarine]]s and aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] to integrate a team building the well-known [[International Space Station]] (ISS).<ref name="NASA">[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012829/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html |date=27 November 2020 }} [[NASA]].</ref>

The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. [[Uranium]] is enriched at the [[Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory]], mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from [[hydroelectricity]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=O.C. Ferreira |title=O Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro |url=http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225014002/http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>) and the country's [[Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto|first nuclear submarine]] is expected to be launched in 2029.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Previsão de lançamento |language=pt |work=Marinha do Brasil |url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125114741/https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub |url-status=live }}</ref>

Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2008 |title=Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität |url=http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html |access-date=30 October 2010 |publisher=Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de |archive-date=4 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121907/http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with an operational [[Synchrotron]] Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a [[semiconductor]] company with its own [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|fabrication plant]], the [[CEITEC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEITEC |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117055936/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en |archive-date=17 November 2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Portal Brasil |publisher=Brasil.gov.br}}</ref> According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.<ref>{{Citation |title=Brasil cai duas posições em ranking mundial |date=26 March 2010 |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm |work=[[Folha de S.Paulo]] |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926123816/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil was ranked 50th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024, up from 66th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2019 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Global Innovation Index |url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=INSEAD Knowledge |language=en}}</ref>

Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]], [[Landell de Moura]] and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 1901 |title=M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> [[Evaristo Conrado Engelberg]],<ref name="patentbritish">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Engelberg, Inc |url=http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Vintage Machinery |archive-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321054057/http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Manuel Dias de Abreu]],<ref>Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas</ref> [[Andreas Pavel]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309065937/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php |archive-date=9 March 2009 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> and Nélio José Nicolai.<ref>[http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html Exposição destaca centenário do CEFET-MG] Sítio do Cefet-MG, acessado em 13 de novembro de 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813115503/http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html |date=13 August 2014 }}</ref> Brazilian science is represented by the likes of [[César Lattes]] (Brazilian [[physicist]] Pathfinder of ''[[Pion|Pi Meson]]''),<ref name="Lattes">{{Cite web |last=Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação |title=50 anos do Méson-Pi |url=http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526200502/http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref> [[Mário Schenberg]] (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física |url=http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331194248/http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> [[José Leite Lopes]] (the only Brazilian physicist holder of the ''UNESCO Science Prize''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes |url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm |access-date=21 October 2014 |publisher=UNESCOPRESS |archive-date=19 June 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020619150011/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Artur Avila]] (the first Latin American winner of the [[Fields Medal]])<ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613202913/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml |date=13 June 2021 }}.</ref> and [[Fritz Müller]] (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by [[Charles Darwin]]).<ref name="West, David A 2003">West, David A. 2003. Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press</ref>