Editing Bipedalism (section)

===Early bipedalism in homininae model===
Recent studies of 4.4 million years old ''[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]'' suggest bipedalism. It is thus possible that bipedalism evolved very early in [[homininae]] and was reduced in chimpanzee and gorilla when they became more specialized. Other recent studies of the foot structure of ''[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]'' suggest that the species was closely related to African-ape ancestors. This possibly provides a species close to the true connection between fully bipedal hominins and quadruped apes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prang |first=Thomas Cody |date=2019-04-30 |title=The African ape-like foot of Ardipithecus ramidus and its implications for the origin of bipedalism |journal=eLife |language=en |volume=8 |pages=e44433 |doi=10.7554/eLife.44433 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=6491036 |pmid=31038121 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to Richard Dawkins in his book "[[The Ancestor's Tale]]", chimps and bonobos are descended from ''[[Australopithecus]]'' gracile type species while gorillas are descended from ''[[Paranthropus]]''. These apes may have once been bipedal, but then lost this ability when they were forced back into an arboreal habitat, presumably by those australopithecines from whom eventually evolved hominins. Early [[homininae|hominine]]s such as ''[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]'' may have possessed an arboreal type of bipedalism that later independently evolved towards knuckle-walking in chimpanzees and gorillas<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=19667206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901280106 |pmc=2732797 |volume=106 |issue=34 |title=Independent evolution of knuckle-walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle-walking ancestor |date=August 2009 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |pages=14241–6 |vauthors=Kivell TL, Schmitt D |bibcode=2009PNAS..10614241K |doi-access=free }}</ref> and towards efficient walking and running in modern humans (see figure). It is also proposed that one cause of [[Neanderthal extinction]] was a less efficient running.