Editing Antisemitism (section)

===Louis de Bonald and the Catholic Counter-Revolution===
The [[counter-revolutionary]] Catholic royalist [[Louis de Bonald]] stands out among the earliest figures to explicitly call for the reversal of Jewish emancipation in the wake of the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="Battini1">{{Cite book |title=Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism |last=Battini |first=Michele |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2016 |pages=2–7 and 30–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Jacob |title=From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700–1933 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromprejudicetod00katz |url-access=registration |date=1980 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromprejudicetod00katz/page/112 112–115] |isbn=9780674325050}}</ref> Bonald's attacks on the Jews are likely to have influenced [[Napoleon]]'s decision to limit the civil rights of Alsatian Jews.<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{Cite book |title=Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism |last=Battini |first=Michele |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2016 |page=164}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Garṭner |first1=Aryeh |last2=Gartner |first2=Lloyd P. |title=History of the Jews in Modern Times |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewsinm00gart |url-access=registration |date=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewsinm00gart/page/116 116] |isbn=978-0-19-289259-1}}
|{{cite book |last1=Joskowicz |first1=Ari |title=The Modernity of Others: Jewish Anti-Catholicism in Germany and France |date=2013 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=99}}
|{{cite book |last1=Michael |first1=Robert |last2=Rosen |first2=Philip |title=Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present |date=2007 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=67}}
}}</ref> Bonald's article {{lang|fr|Sur les juifs}} (1806) was one of the most venomous screeds of its era and furnished a paradigm which combined anti-liberalism, a defense of a rural society, traditional Christian antisemitism, and the identification of Jews with bankers and finance capital, which would in turn influence many subsequent right-wing reactionaries such as [[Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux]], [[Charles Maurras]], and [[Édouard Drumont]], nationalists such as [[Maurice Barrès]] and [[Paolo Orano]], and antisemitic socialists such as [[Alphonse Toussenel]].<ref name="Battini1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanos |first1=Sandrine |title=The Aesthetics of Hate: Far-Right Intellectuals, Antisemitism, and Gender in 1930s France |date=2012 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Laqueur |first1=Walter |author1-link=Walter Laqueur |last2=Baumel |first2=Judith Tydor |title=The Holocaust Encyclopedia |date=2001 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=20}}</ref> Bonald furthermore declared that the Jews were an "alien" people, a "state within a state", and should be forced to wear a distinctive mark to more easily identify and discriminate against them.<ref name="Battini1" />{{sfnp|Michael|2008|pages=128–129}}

Under the French Second Empire, the popular counter-revolutionary Catholic journalist [[Louis Veuillot]] propagated Bonald's arguments against the Jewish "financial aristocracy" along with vicious attacks against the Talmud and the Jews as a "deicidal people" driven by hatred to "enslave" Christians.{{sfnp|Michael|2008|pages=128–129}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graetz |first1=Michael |title=The Jews in Nineteenth-century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israélite Universelle |date=1996 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=208}}</ref> Between 1882 and 1886 alone, French priests published twenty antisemitic books blaming France's ills on the Jews and urging the government to consign them back to the ghettos, expel them, or hang them from the gallows.{{sfnp|Michael|2008|pages=128–129}} Gougenot des Mousseaux's {{lang|fr|Le Juif, le judaïsme et la judaïsation des peuples chrétiens}} (1869) has been called a "Bible of modern antisemitism" and was translated into German by Nazi ideologue [[Alfred Rosenberg]].{{sfnp|Michael|2008|pages=128–129}}