Editing Anatolian languages (section)

== Extinction ==
Anatolia was heavily [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] following the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]], as well as the previous [[Greek colonisation]], and the native languages of the area ceased to be spoken as a result of assimilation in the subsequent centuries, making Anatolian the first well-attested branch of Indo-European to become extinct. The only other well-known major branch with no living descendants is [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]], whose attestation ceases in the 8th century AD.

While [[Pisidian language|Pisidian]] inscriptions date until the second century AD, the poorly-attested [[Isaurian language]], which was probably a late [[Luwic]] dialect, appears to have been the last of the Anatolian languages to become extinct.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Frank R. Trombley |title=The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite |last2=John W. Watt |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2000 |page=12}}</ref><ref name="Isaurian incident">{{Cite book |last=Linda Honey |title=Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and practices |publisher=Ashgate |year=2006 |page=50 |chapter=Justifiably Outraged or Simply Outrageous? The Isaurian incident of Ammianus Marcellinus 14.2}}</ref> Epigraphic evidence, including funerary inscriptions dating from as late as the 5th century, has been found by archaeologists.<ref name="Isaurian incident" />

Personal names with Anatolian etymologies are known from the Hellenistic and Roman era and may have outlasted the languages they came from. Examples include [[Cilicia]]n Ταρκυνδβερρας ''Tarku-ndberras'' "assistance of [[Tarḫunz]]", [[Isauria]]n Ουαξαμοας ''Ouaxamoas < *Waksa-muwa'' "power of blessing(?)", and [[Lycaonian language|Lycaonian]] Πιγραμος ''Pigramos'' "resplendent, mighty" (cf. [[Carian language|Carian]] 𐊷𐊹𐊼𐊥𐊪𐊸 ''Pikrmś,'' [[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''pīhramma/i-'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valério |first=Miguel |date=2015 |title=Linear A du-pu2-re, Hittite Tabarna and Their Alleged Relatives Revisited |url=https://www.academia.edu/4985252 |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3–4 |pages=329–354 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2016-133-409 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Melchert |first=H. Craig |title=Naming Practices in Second and First Millennium Western Anatolia |url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/Naming%20Practices%20in%20Second%20and%20First%20Millennium%20Western%20Anatolia%20adjusted.pdf |via=linguistics.ucla.edu}}</ref>

Several [[Ancient Greek]] words are suggested to be [[Pre-Greek substrate#Anatolian loanwords|Anatolian borrowings]], for example:
*''Apóllōn'' (Doric: ''Apéllōn'', Cypriot: ''Apeílōn''), from *''Apeljōn'', as in [[Hittite language|Hittite]] ''Appaliunaš'';<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beekes |first=Roberts S. P. |year=2010 |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek: The Pre-Greek Loanwords in Greek |url=http://dictionaries.brillonline.com/greek |publisher=Brill |pages=1–21}}</ref>
* ''dépas'' 'cup; pot, vessel', Mycenaean ''di-pa'', from [[Hieroglyphic Luwian]] ''ti-pa-s'' 'sky; bowl, cup' (cf. Hittite ''nēpis'' 'sky; cup');
* ''eléphās'' 'ivory', from Hittite ''laḫpa'' (itself from Mesopotamia; cf. [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] ''ʾlp'', [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] ''ꜣbw'');
* ''kýanos'' 'dark blue glaze; enamel', from Hittite ''kuwannan-'' 'copper ore; azurite' (ultimately from [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] ''kù-an'');
* ''kýmbachos'' 'helmet', from Hittite ''kupaḫi'' 'headgear';
* ''kýmbalon'' 'cymbal', from Hittite ''ḫuḫupal'' 'wooden percussion instrument';
* ''mólybdos'' 'lead', Mycenaean ''mo-ri-wo-do'', from *''mork<sup>w</sup>-io-'' 'dark', as in [[Lydian language|Lydian]] ''mariwda(ś)-k'' 'the dark ones';
* ''óbryza'' 'vessel for refining gold', from Hittite ''ḫuprušḫi'' 'vessel';
* ''tolýpē'' 'ball of wool', from Hittite ''taluppa'' 'lump'/'clod' (or [[Cuneiform Luwian]] ''taluppa/i'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hajnal |first1=Ivo |last2=Posch |first2=Claudia |year=2009 |title=Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period |url=https://www.academia.edu/1822403 |website=Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen}}</ref>

A few words in the [[Armenian language]] have been also suggested as possible borrowings from Hittite or Luwian, such as Arm. զուռնա ''zuṙna'' (compare Luwian ''zurni'' "horn").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greppin |first=John A. C. |date=1991 |title=The Survival of Ancient Anatolian and Mesopotamian Vocabulary until the Present |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=203–207 |doi=10.1086/373501 |jstor=546019|s2cid=162282522 }}</ref><ref>Martirosyan, Hrach (2017). "Notes on Anatolian loanwords in Armenian." In Pavel S. Avetisyan, Yervand H. Grekyan (eds.), ''Bridging times and spaces: papers in ancient Near Eastern, Mediterranean and Armenian studies: Honouring Gregory E. Areshian on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday.'' Oxford: Archaeopress, 293–306.</ref>