Editing Urdu (section)

== Phonology ==
{{Main|Hindustani phonology}}

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Urdu<ref name="CRULPPhonetics2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/Downloads/ling_resources/phoneticinventory/UrduPhoneticInventory.pdf|title=Urdu Phonetic Inventory|website=Center for Language Engineering|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Saleem-2002">Saleem, Abdul M., et al. (2002). ''Urdu consonantal and vocalic sounds''. Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{Nastaliq|م}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}} {{Nastaliq|ن}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}} {{Nastaliq|پ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}} {{Nastaliq|ت}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{Nastaliq|ٹ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{Nastaliq|چ}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{Nastaliq|ک}}
| ({{IPA link|q}}) {{Nastaliq|ق}}
|
|-
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{Nastaliq|پھ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{Nastaliq|تھ}}
| 
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} {{Nastaliq|چھ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{Nastaliq|کھ}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}} {{Nastaliq|ب}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}} {{Nastaliq|د}}
| 
| {{IPA link|ɖ}} {{Nastaliq|ڈ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}} {{Nastaliq|ج}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{Nastaliq|گ}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|bʱ}} {{Nastaliq|بھ}}
| {{IPA link|dʱ}} {{Nastaliq|دھ}}
| 
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}} {{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒʱ}} {{Nastaliq|جھ}}
| {{IPA link|gʱ}} {{Nastaliq|گھ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
!<small>plain</small>
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}} {{Nastaliq|ر}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}} {{Nastaliq|ڑ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɽʱ}} {{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|f}} {{Nastaliq|ف}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{Nastaliq|س}}
| 
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{Nastaliq|ش}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|x}} {{Nastaliq|خ}}
| {{IPA link|ɦ}} {{Nastaliq|ہ}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʋ}} {{Nastaliq|و}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{Nastaliq|ز}}
| 
| ({{IPA link|ʒ}}) {{Nastaliq|ژ}}
| colspan="2" | ({{IPA link|ɣ}}) {{Nastaliq|غ}}
| 
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}} {{Nastaliq|ل}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{Nastaliq|ی}}
|
|
|
|}

'''Notes'''
* Marginal and non-universal phonemes are in parentheses.
* {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is [[Voiced velar fricative|post-velar]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kachru|2006|p=20}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Urdu vowels<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=110}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=102}}</ref><ref name="CRULPPhonetics2" /><ref name="Saleem-2002" />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class="small"
![[Short vowel|short]]
![[Long vowel|long]]
!short
!long
!short
!long
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Close vowel|Close]]
!<small>oral</small>
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|-
!<small>[[Nasalization|nasal]]</small>
|{{IPA link|ɪ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ĩː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʊ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ũː}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
!<small>oral</small>
|
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|-
!<small>[[Nasalization|nasal]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ẽː}}
|{{IPA link|ə̃}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|õː}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
!<small>oral</small>
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ɛː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
!<small>[[Nasalization|nasal]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ɛ̃ː}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ̃ː}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Open vowel|Open]]
!<small>oral</small>
|
|({{IPA link|æː}})
|
|{{IPA link|ä|aː}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Nasalization|nasal]]</small>
|
|({{IPA link|æ̃ː}})
|
|{{IPA link|ãː}}
|
|
|}

'''Notes'''
* This table contains a list of phones, not phonemes. In particular, [ɛ] is an allophone of /ə/ near /h/, and the short nasal vowels are not phonemic either.
* Marginal and non-universal vowels are in parentheses.