Editing Typhoid fever (section)

===Definition and evidence of transmission===
The French doctors [[Pierre Bretonneau|Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau]] and [[Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis|Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis]] are credited with describing typhoid fever as a specific disease, unique from [[typhus]]. Both doctors performed autopsies on individuals who died in Paris due to fever – and indicated that many had lesions on the [[Peyer's patch]]es which correlated with distinct symptoms before death.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book| vauthors = Adler R, Mara E |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/934938999|title=Typhoid fever: a history|date=2016 |isbn=978-0-7864-9781-2|location=Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland & Company |oclc=934938999}}</ref> British medics were skeptical of the differentiation between typhoid and typhus because both were endemic to Britain at that time. However, in France, only typhoid was present circulating in the population.<ref name=":1" /> Pierre-Charlles-Alexandre Louis also performed case studies and statistical analysis to demonstrate that typhoid was contagious – and that persons who already had the disease seemed to be protected.<ref name=":1" /> Afterward, several American doctors confirmed these findings, and then [[Sir William Jenner, 1st Baronet|Sir William Jenner]] convinced any remaining skeptics that typhoid is a specific disease recognizable by lesions in the Peyer's patches by examining sixty-six autopsies from fever patients and concluding that the symptoms of headaches, diarrhea, rash spots, and abdominal pain were present only in patients who were found to have intestinal lesions after death; these observations solidified the association of the disease with the intestinal tract and gave the first clue to the route of transmission.<ref name=":1" />

In 1847, [[William Budd]] learned of an epidemic of typhoid fever in Clifton, and identified that all 13 of 34 residents who had contracted the disease drew their drinking water from the same well.<ref name=":1" /> Notably, this observation was two years before [[John Snow]] first published an early version of his theory that contaminated water was the central conduit for transmitting [[cholera]]. Budd later became health officer of [[Bristol]] ensured a clean water supply, and documented further evidence of typhoid as a water-borne illness throughout his career.<ref name=":1" />