Editing Trade (section)

==International trade==
{{Main|International trade|Balance of trade}}
{{Trade bloc}}

[[International trade]] is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, [[Amber Road]]), its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries, mainly because of [[Industrialization]], advanced [[transportation]], [[globalization]], [[multinational corporation]]s, and [[outsourcing]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as [[South Korea]], which adopted a policy of [[export-oriented industrialization]], and India, which historically had a more closed policy. South Korea has done much better by economic criteria than India over the past fifty years, though its success also has to do with effective state institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Storper |first=Michael |date=2000 |title=Globalization, localization and trade. |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography |pages=146–165}}</ref>

===Trade sanctions===
[[Trade sanctions]] against a specific country are sometimes imposed, in order to punish that country for some action. An [[embargo]], a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an [[United States embargo against Cuba|embargo]] against [[Cuba]] for over 60 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113|title=U.S.–Cuba Relations|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511123927/http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113|archive-date=2015-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Embargoes are usually on a temporary basis. For example, [[Armenia]] put a temporary embargo on Turkish products and bans any imports from Turkey on December 31, 2020. The situation is prompted by food security concerns given Turkey's hostile attitude towards Armenia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LLC|first=Helix Consulting|title=On temporary ban on imports of goods having Turkish origin|url=https://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9840/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.gov.am|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225325/https://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9840/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fair trade===
The "[[fair trade]]" movement, also known as the "trade justice" movement, promotes the use of [[Manual labour|labour]], [[environmental movement|environmental]] and [[Social issues|social]] standards for the production of goods, particularly those exported from the [[Third World|Third]] and [[Second World]]s to the [[First World]]. Such ideas have also sparked a debate on whether trade itself should be codified as a [[human right]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Should trade be considered a human right? |date=9 December 2008 |publisher=COPLA |url=http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/523 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429004458/http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/523 |archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref>

Importing firms voluntarily adhere to fair trade standards or governments may enforce them through a combination of [[employment law|employment]] and [[commercial law]]. Proposed and practiced fair trade policies vary widely, ranging from the common prohibition of [[good (economics)|goods]] made using [[slave labour]] to minimum [[price support]] schemes such as those for coffee in the 1980s. [[Non-governmental organization]]s also play a role in promoting fair trade standards by serving as independent monitors of compliance with labeling requirements.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAIRTRADE Certification Mark. Guidelines Issue 1 – Autumn 2011 |url=https://fairtrade.es/mm/file/FCM-Guidelines-Final_2011-11_low.pdf |publisher=Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. |access-date=23 March 2020 |date=2011 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323102658/https://fairtrade.es/mm/file/FCM-Guidelines-Final_2011-11_low.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davenport |first1=Eileen |last2=Low |first2=Will |title=The labour behind the (Fair Trade) label |journal=Critical Perspectives on International Business |date=1 January 2012 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=329–348 |doi=10.1108/17422041211274200 |issn=1742-2043}}</ref> As such, it is a form of Protectionism.