Editing Tourism (section)

==Recent developments==
[[File:Aerial view Yacht Harbour Residence Rostock Yachthafenresidenz Hohe Düne 6.jpg|thumb|right|A [[destination hotel]] in [[Germany]]: ''Yacht Harbour Residence'' in [[Warnemünde|Rostock]], [[Mecklenburg]]]]There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades,{{vague|date=November 2013}} especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. For example, some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialized holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted [[destination hotel]]s.

The developments in [[Aviation|air transport]] infrastructure, such as [[Wide-body aircraft|jumbo jets]], [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost airlines]], and more [[accessible tourism|accessible]] [[airport]]s have made many types of tourism more affordable. A major factor in the relatively low cost of air travel is the [[Aviation fuel#Tax|tax exemption for aviation fuels]]. The [[WHO]] estimated in 2009 that there are around half a million people on board aircraft at any given time.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> There have also been changes in lifestyle, for example, some retirement-age people sustain year-round tourism. This is facilitated by [[Electronic commerce|internet sales]] of tourist services. Some sites have now started to offer [[dynamic packaging]], in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the [[September 11 attacks]] and [[terrorism|terrorist threats]] to [[tourist destination]]s, such as in [[Bali]] and several European cities. Also, on 26 December 2004, a [[tsunami]], caused by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], hit the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|Asian countries]] on the [[Indian Ocean]], including the [[Maldives]]. Thousands of people died including many tourists. This, together with the vast clean-up operations, stopped or severely hampered tourism in the area for a time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travelcupio.com/category/destination/asia-pacific/india/|title=India Top Tourist Destinations & Attractions|website=TravelCupio|language=en-US|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608172339/http://travelcupio.com/category/destination/asia-pacific/india/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Individual low-price or even zero-price overnight stays have become more popular in the 2000s, especially with a strong growth in the [[hostel]] market and services like [[CouchSurfing]] and [[airbnb]] being established.<ref name="newyorkercouch">{{cite magazine|last=Marx|first=Patricia|title=Couch-surfing the globe|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/16/120416fa_fact_marx|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> There has also been examples of jurisdictions wherein a significant portion of GDP is being spent on altering the primary sources of revenue towards tourism, as has occurred for instance in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cadene|first1=Philippe|title=Atlas of the Gulf States|date=2013|page=29}}</ref>

===Sustainable tourism===
{{Excerpt|Sustainable tourism|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}}

===Ecotourism===
{{Main|Ecotourism}}
[[Ecotourism]], also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low-impact and (often) small-scale. It helps educate the traveller; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights. ''Take only memories and leave only footprints'' is a very common slogan in protected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pinterest.com/marymo393/take-only-memories-leave-only-footprints-chief-sea/|title=Morgan Gamble|work=Pinterest|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Tourist destinations are shifting to low carbon emissions following the trend of visitors more focused in being environmentally responsible adopting a sustainable behavior.<ref>''Entrepreneuring Sustainable Tourism'', [[Jack Soifer]] Editor, Lisboa, 2008, {{ISBN|978-989-95976-0-0}}</ref>

===Volunteer tourism===
{{Main|Volunteer tourism}}
Volunteer tourism (or voluntourism) is growing as a largely Western phenomenon, with volunteers travelling to aid those less fortunate than themselves in order to counter global inequalities. Wearing (2001) defines volunteer tourism as applying "to those tourists who, for various reasons, volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society".<ref>{{cite book|title=Volunteer Tourism: Experiences That Make a Difference|publisher=CABI}}</ref> VSO was founded in the UK in 1958 and the US Peace Corps was subsequently founded in 1960. These were the first large scale voluntary sending organisations, initially arising to modernise less economically developed countries, which it was hoped would curb the influence of communism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butcher|first1=J|last2=Smith|first2=P|date=2010|title='Making a difference': Volunteer tourism and development|journal=Tourism Recreation Research|volume=35|pages=27–36|doi=10.1080/02508281.2010.11081616|s2cid=51729611|url=http://research.stmarys.ac.uk/280/1/04-Butcher%20and%20Smith.pdf}}</ref>

This form of tourism is largely praised for its more sustainable approach to travel, with tourists attempting to assimilate into local cultures, and avoiding the criticisms of consumptive and exploitative mass tourism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Terry|first=W|date=2014|title=Solving labor problems and building capacity unsustainable agriculture through volunteer tourism|journal=Annals of Tourism Research|volume=49|pages=94–107|doi=10.1016/j.annals.2014.09.001}}</ref> However, increasingly, voluntourism is being criticised by scholars who suggest it may have negative effects as it begins to undermine local labour, and force unwilling host communities to adopt Western initiatives,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guttentag|first=D|date=2009|title=The possible negative impacts of volunteer tourism|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|volume=11|issue=6|pages=537–51|doi=10.1002/jtr.727|s2cid=153993554}}</ref> while host communities without a strong heritage fail to retain volunteers who become dissatisfied with experiences and volunteer shortages persist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curran|first1=Ross|last2=Taheri|first2=Babak|last3=MacIntosh|first3=Robert|last4=O'Gorman|first4=Kevin|date=2016|title=Nonprofit Brand Heritage: Its Ability to Influence Volunteer Retention, Engagement, and Satisfaction|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1234–57|doi=10.1177/0899764016633532|s2cid=147490099}}</ref> Increasingly, organisations such as VSO have been concerned with community-centric volunteer programmes where power to control the future of the community is in the hands of local people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Jamie|last2=Curran|first2=Ross|last3=O'Gorman|first3=Kevin|date=2017|title=A modern day panopticon: Using power and control theory to manage volunteer tourists in Bolivia|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|volume=22|pages=34–43|doi=10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.003|hdl=10373/2606|url=https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/publications/b289ceb1-0ef1-4e46-8b2c-b84804a83fda}}</ref>

===Pro-poor tourism===
[[File:Community Tourism (Riven No 2).webm|thumb|Community tourism in Sierra Leone [[b:Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Community Tourism|→ The story of a community in Sierra Leone trying to manage tourism in a responsible manner]]]]

Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists.<ref>Freire-Medeiros, B. (2014). Touring poverty. Routledge.</ref> Research by the [[Overseas Development Institute]] suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain-climbing in [[Tanzania]] and cultural tourism in [[Luang Prabang]], [[Laos]].<ref name="odi.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2675&title=value-chains-tourism-poverty-reduction |title=Value chain analysis and poverty reduction at scale |author=Jonathan Mitchel |year=2009 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826013054/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2675&title=value-chains-tourism-poverty-reduction |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is also the possibility of pro-poor tourism principles being adopted in centre sites of regeneration in the developed world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Richard|last2=Curran|first2=Ross|last3=O'Gorman|first3=Kevin D.|date=1 September 2013|title=Pro-Poor Tourism in a First World Urban Setting: Case Study of Glasgow Govan|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=443–57|doi=10.1002/jtr.1888|issn=1522-1970}}</ref>

===Recession tourism===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
Recession tourism is a travel trend which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Recession tourism is defined by low-cost and high-value experiences taking place at once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travellers are elongating trips where their money travels further. This concept is not widely used in tourism research. It is related to the short-lived phenomenon that is more widely known as [[staycation]]. In general, studies have primarily focused on the short-term effects of the crisis on tourism demand, often overlooking the long-term implications for the competitive positioning of the impacted destinations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramón |first=Ana |date=2014-01-01 |title=The effects of economic crises on tourism success: an integrated model |url=https://www.academia.edu/63057073 |journal=Tourism Economics}}</ref>

===Medical tourism===
{{Main|Medical tourism}}
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in [[Southeast Asia]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Cuba]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/18/world/americas/americans-may-see-appeal-of-medical-tourism-in-cuba.html|title=Americans May See Appeal of Medical Tourism in Cuba|last=Neuman|first=William|date=17 February 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> and [[Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/ca/en/pages/life-sciences-and-healthcare/articles/evolving-medical-tourism-in-canada.html|title=Evolving medical tourism in Canada {{!}} Deloitte Canada|website=Deloitte Canada|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. [[dentistry]]), travelling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".

===Educational tourism===
{{More citations needed section|date= October 2021}}
Educational tourism is developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. Brent W. Ritchie, publisher of Managing Educational Tourism, created a study of a geographic subdivision to demonstrate how tourism educated high school students participating in foreign exchange programs over the last 15 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McGladdery|first1=Christine A.|last2=Lubbe|first2=Berendien A.|date=2017-01-01|title=Rethinking educational tourism: proposing a new model and future directions|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2017-0055|journal=Tourism Review|volume=72|issue=3|pages=319–329|doi=10.1108/TR-03-2017-0055|hdl=2263/62536 |issn=1660-5373|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, study tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.<ref>Seraphin, H., Bah, M., Fyall, A., & Gowreesunkar, V. (2021). Tourism education in France and sustainable development goal 4 (quality education). Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes.</ref> In 2018, one impact was many exchange students traveled to America to assist students financially in order to maintain their secondary education.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shulman|first=Robyn D.|title=5 Ways Student Exchange Programs Affect The American Economy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robynshulman/2019/10/14/5-ways-student-exchange-programs-affect-the-american-economy/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

=== Event tourism ===
[[File:Light Move Festival 169.jpg|thumb|''Light Move Festival'' in [[Łódź]], Poland]]
This type of tourism is focused on tourists coming into a region to either participate in an event or to see an organized event put on by the city/region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tourism management : an introduction|last=Clare.|first=Inkson|date=2012|publisher=Sage|others=Minnaert, Lynn|isbn=978-1-84860-869-6|location=Los Angeles|oclc=760291882}}</ref> This type of tourism can also fall under [[sustainable tourism]] as well and companies that create a [[Sustainable event management|sustainable event]] to attend open up a chance to not only the consumer but their workers to learn and develop from the experience. Creating a sustainable atmosphere creates a chance to inform and encourage sustainable practices. An example of event tourism would be the music festival [[South by Southwest]] that is hosted in [[Austin, Texas]] annually. Every year people from all over the world flock to the city for one week to sit in on technology talks and see bands perform. People are drawn here to experience something that they are not able to experience in their hometown, which defines event tourism.

===Creative tourism===
[[File:FF of Hartwell welcomes Indonesians.jpg|thumb|[[Friendship Force International|Friendship Force]] visitors from Indonesia meeting their hosts in [[Hartwell, Georgia]], United States]]

Creative tourism has existed as a form of [[cultural tourism]], since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the [[Grand Tour]], which saw the sons of aristocratic families travelling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards,<ref name="ct">{{cite book|last=Wurzburger|first=Rebecca|title=Creative Tourism: A Global Conversation: How to Provide Unique Creative Experiences for Travelers Worldwide: As Presented at the 2008 Santa Fe & UNESCO International Conference on Creative Tourism in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA|publisher=Sunstone Press|location=Santa Fe|year=2009|isbn=978-0-86534-724-3|oclc=370387178|display-authors=etal}}</ref> who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the [[European Commission]], including cultural and crafts tourism, known as [[sustainable tourism]]. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in the [[culture]] of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.<ref name="ct"/>

Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as [[UNESCO]], who through the [[Creative Cities Network]], have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, [[authenticity (reenactment)|authentic]] experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a [[Location (geography)|place]]. UNESCO wrote in one of its documents: "'Creative Tourism' involves more interaction, in which the visitor has an educational, emotional, social, and participative interaction with the place, its living culture, and the people who live there. They feel like a citizen."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000159811|title=Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism: discussion report of the planning meeting for the 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism|work=UNESCO Digital Library |date=2006 }}</ref> Saying so, the tourist will have the opportunity to take part in workshops, classes and activities related to the culture of the destination.

More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travellers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, Austria, France, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy, New Zealand and South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/essentials-1617ise03-creative-tourism.htm|title= Creative tourism|last=Lau|first=Samantha|date=14 November 2016|website=Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240305213721/https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/essentials-1617ise03-creative-tourism.htm |archive-date= 5 Mar 2024  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Creative Friendly Destinations|url=http://www.creativetourismnetwork.org/cities-and-regions/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Creative Tourism Network }}</ref>

The growing interest of tourists<ref>{{cite web |author=Charlie Mansfield Lecturer in Tourism Management and French |url=http://www.tourismconsumption.org/ |title=JTCaP Tourism Consumption Online Journal |publisher=Tourismconsumption.org |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415231711/http://www.tourismconsumption.org/ |archive-date=15 April 2013  }}</ref> in this new way to discover a culture regards particularly the operators and branding managers, attentive to the possibility of attracting a quality tourism, highlighting the intangible heritage (craft workshops, cooking classes, etc.) and optimizing the use of existing infrastructure (for example, through the rent of halls and auditoriums).

===Experiential tourism===
[[Experiential travel]] (or "immersion travel") is one of the major market trends in the modern tourism industry. It is an approach to travelling which focuses on experiencing a country, city or particular place by connecting to its [[history]], people, food and [[culture]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/nyregion/your-home-the-new-frontier-for-tourists-in-new-york-city.html|title=Your Home, the New Frontier for Tourists in New York City|first=Ginia|last=Bellafante|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 July 2012}}</ref>

The term "experiential travel" has been mentioned in publications since 1985,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QJAQAAMAAJ&q=%22experiential+travel%22|title=Insights in Strategic Retail Management|access-date=9 June 2015|isbn=9780861762378|last1=Gattorna|first1=John|year=1985|publisher=MCB University Press }}</ref> but it was not discovered as a meaningful market trend until much later.

===Dark tourism===
{{Main|Dark tourism}}
[[File:Poland - Czermna - Chapel of Skulls - interior 06.jpg|thumb|The [[Skull Chapel, Czermna|Skull Chapel]] in [[Kudowa-Zdrój]], [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]], [[Poland]], is an example of an attraction for [[dark tourism]]. Its interior walls, ceiling and foundations are adorned by human remains. It is the only such monument in Poland, and one of six in [[Europe]].]]

One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-dar2.htm|title=Dark Tourism|last=Quinion|first=Michael|date=26 November 2005|work=World Wide Words|access-date=9 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lennon|first1=J. John |first2=Malcolm|last2=Foley|location=London|title=Dark Tourism|publisher=Continuum|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8264-5063-0 |oclc=44603703}}</ref> as [[Dark tourism|"dark" tourism]]. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of [[genocide]], for example [[Internment|concentration camps]]. Its origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Chris|title=Tourism: Principles and Practice|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|location=Harlow|year=2005|edition= 3rd|isbn=978-0-273-68406-0|oclc=466952897|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

===Social tourism===
Social tourism is making tourism available to poor people who otherwise could not afford to travel for their education or recreation. It includes [[youth hostels]] and low-priced holiday accommodation run by church and [[voluntary organisation]]s, [[trade unions]], or in Communist times [[combine (enterprise)|publicly owned enterprises]]. In May 1959, at the second Congress of Social Tourism in Austria, [[Walter Hunziker#Social tourism|Walter Hunziker]] proposed the following definition: "Social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low-income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and therefore easily recognizable services".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tourism : principles, practices, philosophies|last=R.|first=Goeldner, Charles|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley|others=Ritchie, J.R. Brent.|isbn=978-0-470-38213-4|edition= Eleventh|location=Hoboken, N.J.|oclc=261135450}}</ref>

===Doom tourism===
[[File:Perito Moreno Glacier 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Perito Moreno Glacier]], [[Patagonia]], [[Argentina]]]]

Also known as "tourism of doom," or "last chance tourism", involves travelling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (such as the ice caps of [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], the melting glaciers of [[Patagonia]], or the coral of the [[Great Barrier Reef]]) before it is too late. The trend emerged in the 21st century, identified in 2007 by travel trade magazine in 2007<ref>{{cite web|last=Shapiro |first=Kenneth |url=http://www.travelagewest.com/Travel-News/Viewpoint/The-Tourism-of-Doom/ |title=The Tourism of Doom |publisher=TravelAge West |date=11 May 2007 |access-date=}}</ref> and explored in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Salkin |first=Allen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/world/americas/16iht-tourism.1.8762449.html |title='Tourism of doom' on rise|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 December 2007 |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> This type of tourism has been on the rise. Some see the trend as related to [[sustainable tourism]] or [[ecotourism]] due to the fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global warming, overpopulation or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of these threatened locations increases an individual's [[carbon footprint]] and only hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.<ref>Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., & Stewart, E.J. (Eds.). (2013). Last chance tourism: adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world. Routledge.</ref><ref>Frew, E. (2008). Climate change and doom tourism: Advertising destinations 'before they disappear'. In J. Fountain & K. Moore (Chair), Symposium conducted at the meeting of the New Zealand Tourism & Hospitality Research Conference.</ref><ref>Hall, C.M. (2010). Crisis events in tourism: subjects of crisis in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 401–17.</ref> As of 2024, climate change has been making Last Chance Tourism more popular, and riskier. In August 2024, an American was killed visiting an ice cave at the foot of the Breidamerkurjokull glacier.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-09-04 |title=Climate Change Is Making 'Last Chance Tourism' More Popular, and Riskier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/03/briefing/last-chance-tourism.html |work=NYT}}</ref>

===Religious tourism===
{{Main|Religious tourism}}
[[File:Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg |thumb |[[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Vatican City]], the papal enclave within the Italian city of Rome, one of the largest religious tourism sites in the world]]

Religious tourism, in particular [[pilgrimage]], can serve to strengthen [[faith]] and to demonstrate devotion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jafari |first1=Jafar |last2=Scott |first2=Noel |date=1 January 2014 |title=Muslim world and its tourisms |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=44 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2013.08.011 |hdl=10072/63617 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:307952/Muslim_World_and_it_Tourisms.pdf |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Religious tourists may seek destinations whose image encourages them to believe that they can strengthen the religious elements of their [[self-identity]] in a positive manner. Given this, the perceived image of a destination may be positively influenced by whether it conforms to the requirements of their religious self-identity or not.<ref>Compare:
{{Cite journal |last1=Gannon |first1=Martin Joseph |last2=Baxter |first2=Ian W.F. |last3=Collinson |first3=Elaine |last4=Curran |first4=Ross |last5=Farrington |first5=Thomas |last6=Glasgow |first6=Steven |last7=Godsman |first7=Elliot M. |last8=Gori |first8=Keith |last9=Jack |first9=Gordon R.A. |date=11 June 2017 |title=Travelling for Umrah: destination attributes, destination image, and post-travel intentions |journal=The Service Industries Journal |volume=37 |issue=7–8 |pages=448–65 |doi=10.1080/02642069.2017.1333601 |s2cid=54745153 |issn=0264-2069 |quote=The result from the structural model suggests that destination attributes influence perceived destination image. Further, such tourists are likely to revisit or recommend Islamic destinations if their experience matches their perceived image of the destination. This implies that, while the religious characteristics of the destination remain important, destination managers cannot disregard the tangential, non-religious attributes of a destination which are crucial in order to satisfy more conventional tourist desires. |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/70393/3/Umrah-SIJ-2017.pdf}}</ref>

=== DNA tourism ===
DNA tourism, also called "ancestry tourism" or "heritage travel", is tourism based on DNA testing. These tourists visit their remote relatives or places where their ancestors came from, or where their relatives reside, based on the results of DNA tests. DNA tourism became a growing trend in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/better/pop-culture/why-dna-travel-may-be-big-travel-trend-2019-ncna942161|title=Why DNA tourism may be the big travel trend of 2019|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/9/18/20862468/heritage-african-american-ancestry-23-and-me-dna-testing|title="Heritage travel" is surging in the era of DNA testing. It has a special significance for black Americans.|last=Okona|first=Nneka M.|date=18 September 2019|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Sleep tourism ===
{{Main|Sleep tourism}}
Sleep tourism focuses on medical treatments or other approaches, and may focus on people who have difficulty falling asleep, people who experience interrupted sleep, people who don't feel rested after sleeping, snoring, breathing difficulties, and dreaming.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Elizabeth |date=2025-03-15 |title=What is sleep tourism and why is it on the rise? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/what-is-sleep-tourism-and-why-is-it-on-the-rise?rid=83CA7C5A35C6F999E636CEE11C09DF0C&cmpid=org=ngp::mc=crm-email::src=ngp::cmp=editorial::add=Compass_20250315&loggedin=true&rnd=1742063023852 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}</ref>