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=== Stroke === Strokes are described in extensive detail in Book 3 of the ''Canon of Medicine''. First, two causes of stroke are identified: blockage of vessels in the brain, and blockage of the affective spirit of the brain, a cause that can only be explained using theories on humoral medicine.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Zargaran|first1=Arman|last2=Zarshenas|first2=Mohammad M.|last3=Karimi|first3=Aliasghar|last4=Yarmohammadi|first4=Hassan|last5=Borhani-Haghighi|first5=Afshin|date=15 November 2013|title=Management of stroke as described by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in the Canon of Medicine|url=https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(13)01698-7/abstract|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=169|issue=4|pages=233β237|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.115|issn=0167-5273|pmid=24063916|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113172905/https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273%2813%2901698-7/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> The blockage of vessels is then further subdivided into two sub-types: collapse and [[ischemia]].<ref name=":3" />[11] Following this description of the causes of stroke, Avicenna discusses how the blocking agents are derived from the blood or phlegm humors, and how these are most abundant in people with wet and cold natures.<ref name=":3" /> Book 3 of the ''Canon of Medicine'' also lists several manifestations of stroke: [[asphyxia]], [[hemiplegia]], "headache with jugular vein engorgement, dizziness, [[vertigo]], darkened vision, tremor, anxiety, weakness, grinding teeth during sleep, and dark urine with particles", and it distinguishes between the different causes and types of stroke: cold stroke, coma, [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]], and trauma.<ref name=":3" /> Finally, Book 3 discusses several treatments for stroke including the use of herbal medicines and "non-pharmacological interventions such as [[venesection]] and dry or wet [[Cupping therapy|cupping]] on the lower neck and upper back".<ref name=":3" /> While the accounts of the causes and treatments of stroke are based upon theories of humoral medicine, these descriptions are still similar to the modern understanding of strokes.<ref name=":3" />
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