Editing Symbiosis (section)

=== Lichens ===

{{main|Lichen}}

A '''lichen''' is a hybrid [[colony (biology)|colony]] of [[algae]] or [[cyanobacteria]] living symbiotically among the [[hypha|hyphal filaments]] of multiple species of [[fungus|fungi]] and other micro-organisms embedded in the outer layer or cortex, in a mutualistic relationship. Lichens are able to flourish in harsh environments such as bare rocks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grube |first1=Martin |last2=Cardinale |first2=Massimiliano |last3=de Castro |first3=João Vieira |last4=Müller |first4=Henry |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |date=1 September 2009 |title=Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses |url=https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/3/9/1105/7588287 |journal=The ISME Journal |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1105–1115 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2009.63 |pmid=19554038 |bibcode=2009ISMEJ...3.1105G}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grube |first1=Martin |last2=Berg |first2=Gabriele |date=August 2009 |title=Microbial consortia of bacteria and fungi with focus on the lichen symbiosis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1749461309000219 |journal=Fungal Biology Reviews |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=72–85 |doi=10.1016/j.fbr.2009.10.001|bibcode=2009FunBR..23...72G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spribille |first1=Toby |last2=Tuovinen |first2=Veera |last3=Resl |first3=Philipp |last4=Vanderpool |first4=Dan |last5=Wolinski |first5=Heimo |last6=Aime |first6=M. Catherine |last7=Schneider |first7=Kevin |last8=Stabentheiner |first8=Edith |last9=Toome-Heller |first9=Merje |date=2016-07-21 |title=Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aaf8287 |pmid=27445309 |pmc=5793994 |volume=353 |issue=6298 |pages=488–492 |bibcode=2016Sci...353..488S}}</ref>