Editing Stem cell (section)

===Conditions===
[[File:Stem cell treatments.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated]]
Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated include:
* [[Diabetes]]<ref name="nih" />
*[[Pattern hair loss|Androgenic Alopecia and hair loss]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treating Hair Loss with Stem Cell & PRP Therapy|url=https://stemcells.la/treating-hair-loss-with-stem-cell-prp-therapy/|date=2019-02-20|website=Stem Cells LA|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gentile|first1=Pietro|last2=Garcovich|first2=Simone|last3=Bielli|first3=Alessandra|last4=Scioli|first4=Maria Giovanna|last5=Orlandi|first5=Augusto|last6=Cervelli|first6=Valerio|date=November 2015|title=The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Hair Regrowth: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial|journal=Stem Cells Translational Medicine|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1317–1323|doi=10.5966/sctm.2015-0107|issn=2157-6564|pmc=4622412|pmid=26400925}}</ref>
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="nih" />
* [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="nih" />
* [[Alzheimer's disease]]<ref name="nih" />
* [[Respiratory disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hynds |first1=R |title=Exploiting the potential of lung stem cells to develop pro-regenerative therapies |journal=Biology Open |date=2022 |volume=11 |issue=10 |doi=10.1242/bio.059423 |pmid=36239242 |pmc=9581519 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Osteoarthritis]]<ref name="nih">{{Cite web |title=Stemcells Redirection |url=http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180619214156/https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx |archive-date=2018-06-19 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=stemcells.nih.gov |year=2009}}</ref>
* [[Stroke]] and [[traumatic brain injury]] repair<ref name=Steinberg2000>{{cite news |last1=Steinberg |first1=Douglas |title=Stem Cells Tapped to Replenish Organs |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/research/stem-cells-tapped-to-replenish-organs-55310 |work=The Scientist Magazine |date=26 November 2000 }}</ref>
* [[Learning disability]] due to [[congenital disorder]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-25 |title=Israeli scientists reverse brain birth defects using stem cells |url=https://www.israel21c.org/israeli-scientists-reverse-brain-birth-defects-using-stem-cells/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Spinal cord injury]] repair<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, Yu JW, Kim KY, Park HK, Song CH, Han H | title = A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study | journal = Cytotherapy | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 368–373 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16162459 | doi = 10.1080/14653240500238160 | s2cid = 33471639 }}</ref>
* [[Heart infarction]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Strauer BE, Schannwell CM, Brehm M | title = Therapeutic potentials of stem cells in cardiac diseases | journal = Minerva Cardioangiologica | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–267 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19274033 }}</ref>
* Anti-[[cancer]] treatments<ref name=Steinberg2000/>
* [[Baldness]] reversal<ref>{{cite news |last1=DeNoon |first1=Daniel J. |title=Hair Cloning Nears Reality as Baldness Cure |url=https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/news/20041104/hair-cloning-nears-reality-as-baldness-cure |work=WebMD |date=4 November 2004 }}</ref>
* Replace missing [[teeth]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yen AH, Sharpe PT | title = Stem cells and tooth tissue engineering | journal = Cell and Tissue Research | volume = 331 | issue = 1 | pages = 359–372 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17938970 | doi = 10.1007/s00441-007-0467-6 | s2cid = 23765276 }}</ref>
* Repair [[hearing]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7003|title=Gene therapy is first deafness 'cure'|magazine=New Scientist|date=February 14, 2005}}</ref>
* Restore [[Visual system|vision]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/4495419.stm|title= Stem cells used to restore vision|work=BBC News|date= 2005-04-28}}</ref> and repair damage to the [[cornea]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanson C, Hardarson T, Ellerström C, Nordberg M, Caisander G, Rao M, Hyllner J, Stenevi U | title = Transplantation of human embryonic stem cells onto a partially wounded human cornea in vitro | journal = Acta Ophthalmologica | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–130 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 22280565 | pmc = 3660785 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02358.x }}</ref>
* [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vastag B | title = Stem cells step closer to the clinic: paralysis partially reversed in rats with ALS-like disease | journal = JAMA | volume = 285 | issue = 13 | pages = 1691–1693 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11277806 | doi = 10.1001/jama.285.13.1691 }}</ref>
* [[Crohn's disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Querida |title=Osiris Trumpets Its Adult Stem Cell Product |journal=Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News |date=15 June 2008 |volume=28 |issue=12 |url=https://www.genengnews.com/magazine/94/osiris-trumpets-its-adult-stem-cell-product/ }}</ref>
* [[Wound healing]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gurtner |first1=Geoffrey C. |last2=Callaghan |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Longaker |first3=Michael T. |title=Progress and Potential for Regenerative Medicine |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |date=February 2007 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=299–312 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.58.082405.095329 |pmid=17076602 }}</ref>
* [[Male infertility]] due to absence of spermatogonial stem cells.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Hanna V, Gassei K, Orwig KE | chapter = Stem Cell Therapies for Male Infertility: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going? | veditors = Carrell D, Schlegel P, Racowsky C, Gianaroli L | title = Biennial Review of Infertility | pages = 17–39 | year = 2015 | publisher = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-17849-3_3 | isbn = 978-3-319-17849-3 }} Bone marrow transplantation is, as of 2009, the only established use of stem cells.</ref> In recent studies, scientists have found a way to solve this problem by reprogramming a cell and turning it into a spermatozoon. Other studies have proven the restoration of spermatogenesis by introducing human iPSC cells in mice testicles. This could mean the end of [[azoospermia]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Valli H, Phillips BT, Shetty G, Byrne JA, Clark AT, Meistrich ML, Orwig KE | title = Germline stem cells: toward the regeneration of spermatogenesis | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 101 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–13 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24314923 | pmc = 3880407 | doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.052 }}</ref>
* [[Female infertility]]: oocytes made from embryonic stem cells. Scientists have found the ovarian stem cells, a rare type of cells (0.014%) found in the ovary. They could be used as a treatment not only for infertility, but also for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White YA, Woods DC, Takai Y, Ishihara O, Seki H, Tilly JL | title = Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 413–421 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22366948 | pmc = 3296965 | doi = 10.1038/nm.2669 }}</ref> New research posted in Science Direct suggests that ovarian follicles could be triggered to grow in the ovarian environment by using stem cells present in [[bone marrow]]. This study was conducted by infusing human bone marrow stem cells into immune-deficient mice to improve fertilization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herraiz |first1=Sonia |last2=Buigues |first2=Anna |last3=Díaz-García |first3=César |last4=Romeu |first4=Mónica |last5=Martínez |first5=Susana |last6=Gómez-Seguí |first6=Inés |last7=Simón |first7=Carlos |last8=Hsueh |first8=Aaron J. |last9=Pellicer |first9=Antonio |date=May 2018 |title=Fertility rescue and ovarian follicle growth promotion by bone marrow stem cell infusion |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0015028218300049 |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=908–918.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.01.004 |pmid=29576341 |issn=0015-0282}}</ref> Another study conducted using mice with damaged ovarian function from [[Chemotherapy|chemothearpy]] found that [[in vivo]] thearpy with bone marrow stem cells can heal the damaged ovaries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Badawy |first1=Ahmed |last2=Sobh |first2=Mohamed A. |last3=Ahdy |first3=Mohamed |last4=Abdelhafez |first4=Mohamed Sayed |date=2017-06-15 |title=Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell repair of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian insufficiency in a mouse model |journal=International Journal of Women's Health |language=English |volume=9 |pages=441–447 |doi=10.2147/IJWH.S134074 |doi-access=free |pmc=5479293 |pmid=28670143}}</ref> Both of these studies are [[Proof of concept|proof-of-concept]] and need to be furthered tested, but they have the possibility improve fertility for individuals who have POI from chemothearpy treatment.   
* Critical Limb Ischemia<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liew |first1=Aaron |last2=O'Brien |first2=Timothy |date=2012-07-30 |title=Therapeutic potential for mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in critical limb ischemia |journal=Stem Cell Research & Therapy |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/scrt119 |issn=1757-6512 |pmc=3580466 |pmid=22846185 |doi-access=free }}</ref>