Editing Stanford University (section)

=== Computer and applied sciences ===
[[File:Dr_Vint_Cerf_ForMemRS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.56|right|[[Vint Cerf]], co-leader of the Stanford team that designed the architecture of the internet]]
*[[ARPANET]] – [[Stanford Research Institute]], formerly part of Stanford but on a separate campus, was the site of one of the four original ARPANET nodes.<ref name="SU-ITS">{{cite web |url=http://itservices.stanford.edu/service/network |title=Network (SUNet — The Stanford University Network) |date=July 16, 2010 |publisher=Stanford University Information Technology Services |access-date=April 11, 2011 |archive-date=December 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211022334/https://itservices.stanford.edu/service/network |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://university-discoveries.com/stanford-university |title=Stanford University |publisher=University Discoveries |access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> In the early 1970s, Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf's research project about Internetworking, later DARPA formulated it to the TCP (Transmission Control Program).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARPANET – A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication |url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Internet]] – Stanford was the site where the original design of the Internet was undertaken. [[Vint Cerf]] led a research group to elaborate the design of the Transmission Control Protocol ([[TCP/IP]]) that he originally co-created with Robert E. Kahn ([[Bob Kahn]]) in 1973 and which formed the basis for the architecture of the Internet.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The day the Internet age began – Nature, Volume 461, Issue 7268, pp. 1202–1203 (2009). |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461.1202C/abstract |access-date=April 26, 2022 |journal=Nature |bibcode=2009Natur.461.1202C |last1=Cerf |first1=Vinton G. |year=2009 |volume=461 |issue=7268 |pages=1202–1203 |doi=10.1038/4611202a |pmid=19865146 |s2cid=205049153 |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507211727/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461.1202C/abstract |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Frequency modulation synthesis]] – [[John Chowning]] of the Music department invented the FM music synthesis algorithm in 1967, and Stanford later licensed it to [[Yamaha Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Johnstone, Robert |url=https://www.academia.edu/2680140 |access-date=April 29, 2022 |website=academia |date=January 1994 |last1=Johnstone |first1=Robert |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209121735/https://www.academia.edu/2680140 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Introduction To FM |url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/software/snd/snd/fm.html |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=stanford |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522085732/https://ccrma.stanford.edu/software/snd/snd/fm.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Google]] – Google began in January 1996 as a research project by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], when they were both PhD students at Stanford.<ref name="milestones">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html |title=Google Milestones |publisher=Google, Inc. |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=May 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520212930/http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They were working on the [[Stanford Digital Library Project]] (SDLP) which is started in 1999. The SDLP's goal was "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library",<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Stanford Digital Library Technologies |url=http://diglib.stanford.edu:8091/ |access-date=April 28, 2022 |website=stanford |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418032359/http://diglib.stanford.edu:8091/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was funded through the [[National Science Foundation]], among other federal agencies.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306 The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508033156/https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306 |date=May 8, 2009 }}, Award Abstract #9411306, September 1, 1994, through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount $521,111,001</ref> Today, Google stands as one of the most valuable brands in the world.
*[[Klystron tube]] – invented by the brothers [[Russell and Sigurd Varian]] at Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Klystron: A Microwave Source of Surprising Range and Endurance |url=https://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/slacpubs/7500/slac-pub-7731.pdf |access-date=April 19, 2022 |website=slac stanford |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629115619/https://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/slacpubs/7500/slac-pub-7731.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Their prototype was completed and demonstrated successfully on August 30, 1937.<ref>Varian, Dorothy. "The Inventor and the Pilot". Pacific Books, 1983 p. 187</ref> Upon publication in 1939, news of the klystron immediately influenced the work of U.S. and UK researchers working on [[radar]] equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russell and Sigurd Varian: Inventing The Klystron And Saving Civilization |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21795573/russell-and-sigurd-varian-inventing-the-klystron-and-saving-civilization |access-date=April 1, 2022 |website=electronicdesign|date=November 22, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to the Russell and Sigurd Varian Papers |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3h4nb03j/entire_text/ |access-date=April 29, 2022 |website=cdlib}}</ref>
*[[RISC]] – [[DARPA|ARPA]] funded [[VLSI project]] of [[microprocessor]] design. Stanford and [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] are most associated with the popularization of this concept. The [[Stanford MIPS]] would go on to be commercialized as the successful [[MIPS architecture]], while [[Berkeley RISC]] gave its name to the entire concept, commercialized as the [[SPARC]]. Another success from this era were [[IBM]]'s efforts that eventually led to the [[IBM POWER instruction set architecture]], [[PowerPC]], and [[Power ISA]]. As these projects matured, a wide variety of similar designs flourished in the late 1980s and especially the early 1990s, representing a major force in the [[Unix workstation]] market as well as [[embedded processor]]s in [[laser printer]]s, [[router (computing)|routers]] and similar products.<ref name="coinrisk">{{cite book |title=Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil |url-access=registration |last=Reilly |first=Edwin D. |year=2003 |isbn=1-57356-521-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil/page/50 50]|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> 
*[[SUN workstation]] – [[Andy Bechtolsheim]] designed the SUN workstation,<ref>{{Cite book |title=High Noon: The Inside Story of Scott McNealy and the Rise of Sun Microsystems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQl4169IA4kC&q=german&pg=PA88 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |isbn=9780471297130 |last1=Southwick |first1=Karen |date=August 27, 1999| publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> for the [[Stanford University Network]] communications project as a personal [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] workstation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i.stanford.edu/TR/CSL-TR-82-229.html |title=The SUN Workstation Architecture |author1=Andreas Bechtolsheim |author2=Forest Baskett |date=March 1982 |work=Stanford University Computer systems Laboratory Technical Report No. 229 |access-date=July 5, 2018 |author3=Vaughan Pratt}}</ref> which led to [[Sun Microsystems]].
*[[MIMO]] - [[Arogyaswami Paulraj]] and [[Thomas Kailath]] invented multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radio communications, which involves simultaneously using multiple antennas on receivers and transmitters. Invented in 1992, MIMO is an essential element in many modern wireless technologies today.<ref name="mimo_history">{{cite web |author=Marconi Society |url=https://marconisociety.org/fellow-bio/arogyaswami-paulraj/ |title=     Arogyaswami Paulraj, 2014 Marconi Prize recipient, Honored for his pioneering contributions to developing the theory and applications of MIMO antennas |date=October 28, 2014 |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref>