Editing Sabah (section)

=== Transportation ===
[[File:Kota Kinabalu Highway, Sabah.jpg|thumb|left|[[Controlled-access highway|Eight-lane highway]] in the capital city of Kota Kinabalu, part of the [[Pan-Borneo Highway]].]]
Sabah has a total of {{convert|21934|km}} road network in 2016, of which {{convert|11355|km}} are [[sealed road]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/06/11355km-of-21934km-sabah-roads-sealed/ |title=11,355km of 21,934km Sabah roads sealed |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=6 April 2016 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710052653/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/06/11355km-of-21934km-sabah-roads-sealed/ |archive-date=10 July 2016 }}</ref> Before the formation of Malaysia, the state together with Sarawak only has rudimentary road systems.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashoka Mody |title=Infrastructure Strategies in East Asia: The Untold Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSVNQi3UZKgC&pg=PA35 |year=1997 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-4027-1 |page=35}}</ref> Most [[trunk road]]s was then constructed from the 1970s until the 1980s under the [[World Bank]] loans. In 2005, 61% of road coverage in the state were still [[gravel road|gravel]] and unpaved, comprising {{convert|1428|km}} [[Malaysian Federal Roads system|federal roads]] and {{convert|14249|km}} [[Malaysian State Roads system|state roads]], of which {{convert|6094|km}} are sealed while the remaining {{convert|9583|km}} were gravel and unpaved roads.<ref name="infrastructure"/> This led to great disparity between roads in the state with those in the Peninsular, with only 38.9% are sealed while 89.4% have been sealed in the Peninsular. Due to this, SDC was implemented to expand the road coverage in Sabah along with the construction of [[Pan-Borneo Highway]]. Since the 9MP, various road projects has been undertaken under the SDC and around RM50 million has been spent to repairs Sabah main roads since the 8MP.<ref name="infrastructure"/> The high cost to repair roads frequently has led the Sabah state government to find other alternative ways to connecting every major districts by tunnelling roads through highlands which will also saving time and fuel as the distance being shortened as well to bypass landslides.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=89684 |title=Road tunnel construction plan |newspaper=Daily Express |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715170304/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=89684 |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tunnelsonline.info/news/sabah-considers-tunnels-to-bypass-landslides-220514-4275012 |title=Sabah considers tunnels to bypass landslides |publisher=Tunnels Online |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715170943/http://www.tunnelsonline.info/news/sabah-considers-tunnels-to-bypass-landslides-220514-4275012 |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref> In early 2016, the expansion project of Pan-Borneo Highway has been launched to expand the road size from [[single carriageway]] to four-lane road, while city highway been expand from four-lane to eight-lane as well with the construction of new routes which will connect the state with Sarawak, Brunei and the [[Trans Kalimantan Highway]] in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=412 |title=Highway completion to make Borneo a huge mart |newspaper=Daily Express |date=5 September 2010 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054100/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=412 |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141808/pan-borneo-highway-link-thousand-opportunities |title=Pan Borneo Highway – link of a thousand opportunities |work=Bernama |publisher=New Straits Times |date=27 April 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716052630/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141808/pan-borneo-highway-link-thousand-opportunities |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref> The project is divided into two packages: the first package covering the West Coast area will complete in 2021, while the second covering the East Coast area will finish in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141161/najib-arrives-sabah-launch-sabah-pan-borneo-highway-project |title=Najib arrives in Sabah to launch Sabah Pan-Borneo Highway project |author=Kristy Inus |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054353/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141161/najib-arrives-sabah-launch-sabah-pan-borneo-highway-project |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/05/29/pan-borneo-sabah-highway-by-2022/ |title=Pan Borneo Sabah Highway by 2022 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054847/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/05/29/pan-borneo-sabah-highway-by-2022/ |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="pan borneo">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/04/12/first-step-to-big-change-construction-of-sabahs-side-of-rm29bil-highway-project-to-roll-out/ |title=First step to big change |author=Mazwan Nik Anis |work=The Star |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> All state roads are maintained under the state's Public Works Department,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Sabah Public Works Department |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> while federal roads maintained by the national [[Malaysian Public Works Department|Public Works Department]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Public Works Department |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Pengalat-Besar Sabah Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sabah State Railway]] train passing through a tunnel of the [[Western Sabah Railway Line|Western Line]] in Pengalat Besar, [[Papar District]].]]
[[File:Boats and ferries in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.jpg|thumb|right|Boats and ferries at the Kota Kinabalu marina.]]
Sabah uses a [[dual carriageway]] with the [[left- and right-hand traffic|left-hand traffic rule]].<ref name="pan borneo"/><ref name="Thiessen2012">{{cite book |author=Tamara Thiessen |title=Borneo: Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA18 |year=2012 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-390-0 |pages=18–219}}</ref> All major towns in Sabah provide public transportation services such as buses, taxis and vans along with [[Grab (company)|Grab]] services. The [[KK Sentral]] operating express [[bus]] services from the city to [[Beaufort, Malaysia|Beaufort]], [[Sipitang]], [[Menumbok]], [[Lawas]] and [[Brunei]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/07/28/launch-of-a-new-landmark-for-kota-kinabalu/|title=Launch of a new landmark for Kota Kinabalu|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=28 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729084727/https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/07/28/launch-of-a-new-landmark-for-kota-kinabalu/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sabahnewstoday.com/kk-sentral-kini-mula-beroperasi/|title=KK Sentral kini mula beroperasi|trans-title=KK Sentral is now operational|author=Mohd Adam Arinin|language=ms|publisher=Sabah News Today|date=22 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729082701/https://www.sabahnewstoday.com/kk-sentral-kini-mula-beroperasi/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The [[BRT Kota Kinabalu]] is currently under construction to provide [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) system in Sabah's capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104693 |title=RM1b Bus Rapid Transport system ready 2020: CM |newspaper=Daily Express |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728051626/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104693 |archive-date=28 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109053 |title=BRT KK to have 25km of dedicated bus lanes |newspaper=Daily Express |date=23 April 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728051935/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109053 |archive-date=28 July 2016 }}</ref> A rail transport through the [[Western Sabah Railway Line|Western Line]] operated by the [[Sabah State Railway]] provides daily services for commuters, travellers, as well as for cargo transportation. A separate company owned by Sutera Harbour known as the North Borneo Railway operates leisure tour for tourists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suteraharbour.com/north-borneo-railway |title=North Borneo Railway |publisher=Sutera Harbour |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718104110/http://www.suteraharbour.com/north-borneo-railway |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> The train station and terminal is located in [[Tanjung Aru railway station|Tanjung Aru]], not far from the city airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm |title=The North Borneo Railway Project |author=Rob Dickinson |publisher=The International Steam Pages |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328052920/http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref> Other main stations including in [[Papar railway station (Malaysia)|Papar]], [[Beaufort railway station, Sabah|Beaufort]] and [[Tenom railway station|Tenom]]. The current [[Aeropod]] projects on the main station in Tanjung Aru will modernise the station and provide a provision for future [[light rail|light rail transit]] (LRT).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=102904 |title=Provision for LRT in Aeropod project |newspaper=Daily Express |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718101620/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=102904 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> In early 2016, the state government has purchased a new [[diesel multiple unit]] (DMU) for about RM8 million to replace the old train used between Beaufort and Tenom while the rail line from Halogilat and Tenom will be upgrading by the federal government at the cost of RM99.5 million along with the arrival of another three DMUs that will be received in early 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111226 |title=New DMU train by January |newspaper=Daily Express |date=10 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718105210/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111226 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport]] is the main gateway to Sabah.<ref name="KKIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports/KKIA|title=Kota Kinabalu International Airport|publisher=[[Ministry of Transport (Malaysia)|Ministry of Transport, Malaysia]]|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522063304/http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports/KKIA|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> In 2005, the Malaysian federal government approved major renovation and refurbishment works to the main terminal (Terminal 1) as well as a runway expansion with construction began in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1039|title=KKIA the perfect gateway to M'sia from east|author1=James Sarda|author2=Maria Chin|newspaper=Daily Express|date=10 November 2012|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522064031/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1039|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> As a result of the expansion, the airport is able to accommodate large passenger aircraft such as the [[Boeing 747]].<ref name="KKIA"/> It has also become the second busiest airport in [[Malaysia]], after [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]] (KLIA) in West Malaysia.<ref name="KKIA"/> In 2018, the [[Malaysia Airlines]] conducts test flight for its new long-range capability passenger aircraft of [[Airbus A350]] to the airport from Kuala Lumpur as a replacement to the largest aircraft of [[Airbus A380]] since it is too large for Malaysian aviation markets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas-airbus-a350-conducts-test-flight-to-kkia/|title= MAS Airbus A350 conducts test flight to KKIA|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=10 January 2018|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522065231/https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas-airbus-a350-conducts-test-flight-to-kkia/|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Other smaller airports in Sabah including [[Kudat Airport]], [[Lahad Datu Airport]], [[Sandakan Airport]] and [[Tawau Airport]]. [[Layang-Layang Airport]] in [[Swallow Reef]] served as a military and civilian airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports|title=Location of airports in Malaysia [Sabah]|publisher=Ministry of Transport, Malaysia|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605135252/http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://amti.csis.org/chinas-airfield-construction-at-fiery-cross-reef-in-context-catch-up-or-coercion/|title=China's Airfield Construction at Fiery Coast Reef in Context: Catch-up or Coercion?|author1=Michael S. Chase|author2=Ben Purser|publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|date=29 July 2015|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522050323/https://amti.csis.org/chinas-airfield-construction-at-fiery-cross-reef-in-context-catch-up-or-coercion/|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Three airlines fly from Peninsular Malaysia to Sabah: Malaysia Airlines, [[AirAsia]], and [[Malindo Air]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/bki/airlines-that-fly-to-kota-kinabalu-airport.html |title=Airlines flying from Malaysia to Kota Kinabalu |publisher=Sky Scanner |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717024507/https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/bki/airlines-that-fly-to-kota-kinabalu-airport.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sabah Air]] is a helicopter [[air charter|chartered flight]] company owned by the Sabah state government, serving flights for aerial sightseeing to interested customers as well for the transportation of state government servants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabahair.com.my/about.html |title=About Us |publisher=Sabah Air |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717030547/http://www.sabahair.com.my/about.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah KKIA-01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kota Kinabalu International Airport]] (Terminal 1).]]
Sabah has a total of eight ports operating in Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, Kunak and Lahad Datu.<ref name="sabah ports"/> The Sapangar Bay Container Port is the main [[transshipment]] hub for the BIMP-EAGA region. Another port, the Sapangar Bay Oil Terminal is the main terminal for refined petroleum products and liquid chemical in the West Coast. Kota Kinabalu Port remain as a general cargo port. While all ports in the northern and eastern Sabah served to handle palm oil related products such as fertiliser, [[palm kernel]] as well for general cargo.<ref name="sabah ports"/> Ferry service in the West Coast side provide trips to Labuan from the Jesselton Point Waterfront and [[Menumbok]] Ferry Terminal in [[Kuala Penyu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jesseltonpoint.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=4#labuan |title=Ferry Service to Labuan |publisher=Jesselton Point |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123401/http://jesseltonpoint.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=4#labuan |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/19/new-labuan-menumbok-ferry-operates-three-round-trips-daily/ |title=New Labuan-Menumbok ferry operates three round trips daily |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=19 August 2012 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718115403/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/19/new-labuan-menumbok-ferry-operates-three-round-trips-daily/ |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> In the East Coast, the service are provided from the Tawau Ferry Terminal to Nunukan and [[Tarakan, North Kalimantan|Tarakan]] in Kalimantan, Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etawau.com/HTML/Travel/Ferry_Terminal.htm |title=Tawau Ferry Terminal |publisher=e-tawau |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718132557/http://www.etawau.com/HTML/Travel/Ferry_Terminal.htm |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> There is also ferry services from Sandakan to [[Zamboanga City]] and a new one that was planned from Kudat to Buliluyan, [[Bataraza]] of [[Palawan]] in the Philippines, but both services were terminated at the moment due to lack of security enforcement from the Philippine side prior to the persistent attack by pirates and kidnapping by militant groups based in the Sulu Archipelago of the southern Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110304 |title=No hurry on Kudat- Palawan ferry service |newspaper=Daily Express |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718140146/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110304 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110950 |title=Sabah's action justified: Teo |newspaper=Daily Express |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718141337/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110950 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> The planned ferry service from Kudat to Palawan was restored on 1 February 2017 after the increasing of security enforcement from the Philippines side,<ref name="economy resumed"/> but were postponed again until present mainly due to both ferry operators from Malaysia and the Philippines facing difficulties in complying with the necessary requirements and permits imposed by both national and state authorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=123435 |title=Kudat-Palawan ferry unlikely to start soon |author=Nikko Fabian |newspaper=Daily Express |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314150037/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=123435 |archive-date=14 March 2018 }}</ref>