Editing Rhetoric (section)

===Seventeenth century===
In New England and at [[Harvard College]] (founded 1636), Ramus and his followers dominated.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Perry Miller|first=Perry|last=Miller|title=The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1939|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.182960}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} However, in England, several writers influenced the course of rhetoric during the 17th century, many of them carrying forward the dichotomy{{Specify|reason=which dichotomy is that?|date=September 2023}} that had been set forth by Ramus and his followers during the preceding decades. This century also saw the development of a modern, vernacular style that looked to English, rather than to Greek, Latin, or French models.

[[Francis Bacon]] (1561–1626), although not a rhetorician, contributed to the field in his writings. One of the concerns of the age was to find a suitable style for the discussion of scientific topics, which needed above all a clear exposition of facts and arguments, rather than an ornate style. Bacon in his ''[[The Advancement of Learning]]'' criticized those who are preoccupied with style rather than "the weight of matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of judgment".<ref>{{cite book|last=Bacon|first=Francis|author-link=Francis Bacon|title=[[The Advancement of Learning|Of the Advancement and Proficience of Learning or the Partitions of Sciences]]|year=1605|at=I.4§2}}</ref> On matters of style, he proposed that the style conform to the subject matter and to the audience, that simple words be employed whenever possible, and that the style should be agreeable.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Lisa Jardine|first=Lisa|last=Jardine|title=Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1975}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}}

[[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679) also wrote on rhetoric. Along with a shortened translation of [[Aristotle]]'s ''Rhetoric'', Hobbes also produced a number of other works on the subject. Sharply contrarian on many subjects, Hobbes, like Bacon, also promoted a simpler and more natural style that used figures of speech sparingly.

Perhaps the most influential development in English style came out of the work of the [[Royal Society]] (founded in 1660), which in 1664 set up a committee to improve the English language. Among the committee's members were [[John Evelyn]] (1620–1706), [[Thomas Sprat]] (1635–1713), and [[John Dryden]] (1631–1700). Sprat regarded "fine speaking" as a disease, and thought that a proper style should "reject all amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style" and instead "return back to a primitive purity and shortness".<ref>{{cite book|last=Sprat|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Sprat|title=The History of the Royal Society of London, for the Improving of Natural Knowledge|publisher=T.R. for J. Martyn at the Bell|year=1667|pages=112–13}}</ref>

While the work of this committee never went beyond planning, John Dryden is often credited with creating and exemplifying a new and modern English style. His central tenet was that the style should be proper "to the occasion, the subject, and the persons".<ref>{{cite book|last=Dryden|first=John|author-link=John Dryden|title=[[The Spanish Friar|The Spanish Fryar]]|chapter=Dedication|location=London|year=1797|publisher=George Cawthorn|series=Bell's British Theatre|volume=II|page=vii|orig-date=1681}}</ref> As such, he advocated the use of English words whenever possible instead of foreign ones, as well as vernacular, rather than Latinate, syntax. His own prose (and his poetry) became exemplars of this new style.