Editing Reformation (section)

=== Peasants' War ===

{{Main|German Peasants' War}}

[[File:Titelblatt 12 Artikel.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A page depicting men armed with pikes, flails, maces and pitchforks|Title page of the ''[[Twelve Articles]]'', a manifesto by Swabian peasants in March 1525]]

MacCulloch says that the Reformation "injected an extra element of instability" into the relationship between the peasants and their lords, as it raised "new excitement and bitterness against established authority".{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|p=155}} Public demonstrations in the [[Black Forest]] area indicated a general discontent among the southern German peasantry in May 1524. The Anabaptist preacher [[Balthasar Hubmaier]] (d. 1528) was one of the peasant leaders, but most participants never went beyond traditional anti-clericalism. In early 1525, the movement spread towards [[Upper Swabia]]. The radical preacher Cristopher Schappler and the pamphleteer [[Sebastian Lotzer]] summarized the Swabian peasants' demand in a manifesto known as ''[[Twelve Articles]]''. The peasants wanted to control their ministers' election and to supervise the use of church revenues, but also demanded the abolition of the tithe on meat. They reserved the right to present further demands against non-Biblical seigneurial practices but promised to abandon any of their demands that contradicted the Bible, and appointed fourteen "arbitrators" to clarify divine law on the relationship between peasants and landlords. The arbitrators approached Luther, Zwingli, Melanchthon and other leaders of the Reformation for advice but none of them answered.{{sfn|Stayer|2006|pp=130–135}} Luther wrote a treatise, equally blaming the landlords for the oppression of the peasantry and the rebels for their arbitrary acts.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|p=209}}

[[Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg|Georg Truchsess von Waldburg]] (d. 1531), commander of the army of the aristocratic [[Swabian League]], achieved the dissolution of the peasant armies either by force or through negotiations. By this time the peasant movements reached [[Franconia]] and [[Thüringia]]. The Franconian peasants formed alliances with artisans and petty nobles such as [[Florian Geyer]] (d. 1525) against the patricians and the [[Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg]] but Truchsess forced them into submission.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|pp=207–208}} In Thüringia, Müntzer convinced 300 radicals that they were invincible but they were annihilated [[Battle of Frankenhausen|at Frankenhausen]] by [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Philip the Magnanimous]], [[Landgrave of Hesse]] ({{reign|1509|1567}}) and [[George, Duke of Saxony]] ({{reign|1500|1539}}). Müntzer who had hidden in an attic before the battle was discovered and executed.{{sfn|Collinson|2005|pp=60–61}}{{sfn|Cameron|2012|p=208}} News of atrocities by peasant bands and meetings with disrespectful peasants during a preaching tour outraged Luther while he was writing his treatise ''[[Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants]]''. In it, he urged the German princes to "smite, slay, and slab" the rebels.{{sfn|Lindberg|2021|p=157}} Moderate observers felt aggrieved at his cruel words. They regarded as an especially tasteless act that Luther married [[Katharina von Bora]] (d. 1552), a former nun while the punitive actions against the peasantry were still in process.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|pp=209–210, 417}} Further peasant movements began in other regions in Central Europe but they were pacified through concessions or suppressed by force before the end of 1525.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|pp=208–209}}