Editing Reduplication (section)

===Turkic===

====Turkish====
In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], there are three kinds of reduplication.<ref>Göksel & Kerslake (2005)</ref>

Emphatic reduplication, also called [[Turkish grammar#Intensification|intensification]]: A word can be reduplicated partially, such that an emphatic stem is created to be attached to the adjective. This is done by taking the first syllable of the adjective, dropping the syllable-final phoneme, and adding one of four interpolated consonants (p, s, m, r). For example, ''kırmızı'' (red) becomes ''kıpkırmızı'' (very red); ''mavi'' (blue) becomes ''masmavi'' (very blue); ''yeşil'' (green) becomes ''yemyeşil'' (very green), and ''temiz'' (clean) becomes ''tertemiz'' ("spotless"). The added consonant is unpredictable, grammatically speaking; phonological studies, such as Wedel (1999), shed light on the subject.<ref>Wedel (1999)</ref>

Echo reduplication: similar to [[echo word]] in other languages, a word can be reduplicated while replacing the initial consonants (not being ''m'', and possibly missing) with ''m''. The meaning of the original word is broadened. For example, ''tabak'' means "plate(s)", and ''tabak mabak'' then means "plates, dishes and such". This can be applied to all kinds of words, as in ''yeşil meşil'' meaning "green, greenish, whatever". Although not used in formal written Turkish, it is a standard accepted construction.

Doubling: A word can be reduplicated totally, turning it into an adverb with a related meaning. For example, ''zaman zaman'' (time time) meaning "time to time" or "occasionally"; ''uzun uzun'' (long long) meaning "at length." This type is used also in formal Turkish, especially in literature. There are a lot of reduplications in this category which do not, if used as one word, have a place in the Turkish language's vocabulary but is used solely in this way. These words are called mimetic in linguistics. An example is 'şırıl şırıl' (used for the sound of a waterfall). They try to give sounds to not only audible but also non-audible phenomena. For example, 'mışıl mışıl' is used for sleeping soundly.