Editing Quran (section)

== Translations ==
{{Main|Quran translations}}
{{See also|List of translations of the Quran}}
[[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslim girls reciting the Quran placed atop folding [[lectern]]s ([[Rehal (book rest)|''rehal'']]) during [[Ramadan]] in the city of [[Qom]], [[Iran]]]]
Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form.<ref name="slate">{{cite web | access-date=21 November 2008 | url=http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss | website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | last=Aslan | first=Reza|author-link=Reza Aslan| title=How To Read the Quran | date=20 November 2008}}</ref> An Arabic word may have a [[Polysemy|range of meanings]] depending on the context, making an accurate translation difficult.<ref name="Fatani-2006">{{Citation |last=Fatani |first=Afnan |date=2006 |chapter=Translation and the Qur'an |pages=657–69 |title=[[iarchive:quranencyclopedi2006unse|The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia]] |editor-link=Oliver Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |editor-last=Leaman |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}}</ref> Moreover, one of the biggest difficulties in understanding the Quran for those who do not know [[Ancient Arabic|its language]] in the face of shifts in [[linguistics|linguistic usage]] over the centuries is [[semantic]] translations (meanings) that include the translator's contributions to the relevant text instead of literal ones. Although the author's contributions are often bracketed and shown separately, the author's individual tendencies may also come to the fore in making sense of the main text. These studies contain reflections and even distortions<ref>{{cite web |last1=Al-Jarf |first1=Reima |title=Itineraries in the Translation History of the Quran: A guide for Translation Students |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED613311.pdf |website=[[Education Resources Information Center|ERIC Institute of Education Sciences]] |access-date=22 August 2024 |location=[[University of Tartu|University of Tartu, Estonia]] |page=5 |quote=There are occasional misinterpretations, mistranslations, and even distortions. Translating the meanings of the Holy Quran has always been challenging for translators, as the Quran has an exoteric and an esoteric meaning.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ideologic Presuppositions Behind Translation: A Case Study of the Orientalist English Translations of the Quran |url=https://www.jspt.ir/article_167055_d4455677421c8d1c8ab05b048e5fb3a9.pdf |date=2024-08-31}}</ref> caused by the region, [[Islamic sects|sect]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The ideological factor in the translation of sensitive issues from the Quran into English, Spanish and Catalan |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19576529.pdf |date=2024-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822074223/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19576529.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2024 }}</ref> education, ideology and knowledge of the people who made them, and efforts to reach the real content are drowned in the details of volumes of commentaries.  These distortions can manifest themselves in many areas of belief and practices.{{refn|group=note|In [[The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran|Luxenberg's Syro-Aramaic reading]], the verse instead commands women to "snap their belts around their waists." The belt was a sign of chastity in the Christian world.<ref name="chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it">{{Cite web|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7025&eng=y|archiveurl=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090417191145/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7025&eng=y|url-status=dead|title=The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran|archivedate=April 17, 2009}}</ref> According to him, the meanings of the words in the relevant part of the verse are as follows:خِمار Khimar; cummerbund, جيب jyb; sinus, sac, وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ;"let them hit"}}

Islamic tradition also holds that translations were made for [[Negus]] of [[Abyssinia]] and [[Byzantine]] Emperor [[Heraclius]], as both [[Muhammad's letters to the Heads-of-State|received letters by Muhammad]] containing verses from the Quran.<ref name="Fatani-2006" /> In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} The Quran has been [[translation|translated]] into most [[Africa]]n, [[Asia]]n, and [[Europe]]an languages.<ref name =leaman /> The first translator of the Quran was [[Salman the Persian]], who translated surat ''[[al-Fatiha]]'' into [[Persian language|Persian]] during the seventh century.<ref>[[Al-Nawawi|An-Nawawi]], ''Al-Majmu{{'}}'', (Cairo: Matba'at at-Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref> Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in [[Alwar]] ([[Sindh]], [[India]], now [[Pakistan]]) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.<ref>{{cite web|title=English Translations of the Quran|date=July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429213509/http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/|archive-date=29 April 2014 |url=http://www.monthlycrescent.com/understanding-the-quran/english-translations-of-the-quran/ |work=Monthly Crescent}}</ref>

The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in [[Persian language|Persian]]. The [[Samanid Empire|Samanid]] king, [[Mansur I]] (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to translate the [[Tafsir al-Tabari]], originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari|Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari]] wrote a complete ''[[tafsir]]'' of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, [[Abu Hafs Omar al-Nasafi|Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi]] translated the Quran into Persian.<ref>C.E. Bosworth. Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed, Brill. "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid", Vol. 10, p. 14.</ref> The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times. In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.<ref name="Fatani-2006" /> In 2010, the ''[[Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review]]'' reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran.<ref>{{Cite news
|title = More than 300 publishers visit Quran exhibition in Iran
|newspaper = Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review
|date = 12 August 2010
|url =http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=more-than-300-publishers-visit-koran-exhibition-in-iran-2010-08-12
|access-date = <!-----12 August 2010----->
}}</ref>

[[Robert of Ketton]]'s 1143 translation of the Quran for [[Peter the Venerable]], ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'', was the first into a Western language ([[Latin]]).<ref>{{cite book |last= Bloom | first= Jonathan |author2=Blair, Sheila  | year=2002 | title=Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220 |url-access= registration | publisher=Yale University Press | location=New Haven | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220/page/42 42]| isbn= 978-0-300-09422-0 }}</ref>
[[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]] offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of {{Lang|fr|[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]}} (1647) by [[Andre du Ryer]]. In 1734, [[George Sale]] produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by [[Richard Bell (Arabist)|Richard Bell]] in 1937, and yet another by [[Arthur John Arberry]] in 1955. While all these translators were non-Muslims, there have been numerous translations by Muslims: popular modern English translations by Muslims include The Oxford World Classics translation by [[Muhammad Abdel Haleem]], The Clear Quran by Mustafa Khattab, [[Sahih International]]'s translation, among various others. As with translations of the Bible, the English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] and [[Marmaduke Pickthall]], use the plural and singular ''ye'' and ''thou'' instead of the more common ''[[you]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Al-i-Imran (The Family of Imran) Part 1 |website=Read Quran Online|url=http://readquranonline.info/surah003.html|access-date=21 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118015724/http://www.readquranonline.info/surah003.html|archive-date=18 November 2010}}</ref>

The oldest [[Gurmukhi]] [[Gurmukhi version of the Quran|translation of the Quran Sharif]] has been found in village [[Lande, Punjab|Lande]]<!--Also spelled Landhe--> of [[Moga district]] of Indian Punjab which was printed in 1911.<ref>{{cite news |first=Amaninder |last=Pal |date=5 May 2016 |orig-date=4 April |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/gurmukhi-translation-of-quran-traced-to-moga-village/232193.html |title=Gurmukhi translation of Quran traced to Moga village |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=26 August 2016 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506011533/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/gurmukhi-translation-of-quran-traced-to-moga-village/232193.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" widths="200px" heights="200px">
Page from the Qur'an of Sultan Ibrahim (TKS EH 209).jpg|1091 Quranic text in bold script with Persian translation and commentary in a lighter script<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alya Karame|title=Qur'ans from the Eastern Islamic World between the 4th/10th and 6th/12th Centuries |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/28999/Karame2018%20text.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |website=The University of Edinburgh |page=109|language=en}}</ref>
File:Ilkhanid Quran.jpg|Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] Era
File:Alcoran de Mahomet 1647.jpg|The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language: {{Lang|fr|[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]]}}, [[André du Ryer]], 1647
File:Koran by Megerlein 1772.jpg|Title page of the first German translation (1772) of the Quran
File:Chinese quran.jpg|Verses 33 and 34 of surat [[Ya Sin|Yā Sīn]] in this Chinese translation of the Quran
</gallery>