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== References == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Works cited === {{Refbegin|25em}} * {{Cite book |last1=Barbieri-Low |first1=Anthony J. |title=Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China |last2=Yates |first2=Robin D. S. |author-link2=Robin D. S. Yates |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-30053-8 |series=Sinica Leidensia |volume=126 |doi=10.1163/9789004300538}} * {{Cite book |last=Bo |first=Yang |author-link=Bo Yang |publisher=Zhongguo youyi chubangongsi |year=2008 |volume=1 |location=Taiyuan |language=zh |script-title=zh:中国帝王皇后亲王公主世系录 |trans-title=Records of the Genealogy of Chinese Emperors, Empresses, and Their Descendants}} * {{Cite book |last=Bodde |first=Derk |author-link=Derk Bodde |title=China's First Unifier: A Study of the Chʻin Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssŭ 李斯 280?–208 B.C. |publisher=Brill |year=1967 |series=Sinica Leidensia |volume=3 |ol=5588381M |orig-year=1938}} ** Translated from {{Cite Shiji|44 |anchor=魏安釐王 |lp=y |trans-chapter=44: hereditary house of Wei |orig-date=90s BC |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Bökset |first=Roar |url=https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200810/FULLTEXT01 |title=Long Story of Short Forms: The Evolution of Simplified Chinese Characters |publisher=Stockholm University |year=2006 |isbn=978-91-628-6832-1 |series=Stockholm East Asian Monographs |volume=11 |format=PDF |postscript={{free access}}.}} * {{Cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Guidi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFEK1pLNqqMC |title=Will the Boat Sink the Water?: The Life of China's Peasants |last2=Wu |first2=Chuntao |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58648-441-5 |translator-last=Zhu |translator-first=Hong |via=Google Books}} * {{Cite book |last=Cheng |first=Chung-ying |author-link=Chung-ying Cheng |title=The Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-24937-4 |editor-last=Mou |editor-first=Bo |chapter=The ''Yi-jing'' and ''Yin-Yang'' way of thinking}} * {{Cite journal |last=Galambos |first=Imre |title=The Myth of the Qin Unification of Writing in Han Sources |year=2004 |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=57 |number=2 |pages=181–203 |doi=10.1556/AOrient.57.2004.2.2 |jstor=23658631 |issn=0001-6446 |url=https://real.mtak.hu/46320/1/aorient.57.2004.2.2.pdf |author-link=Imre Galambos}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldin |first=Paul R. |title=After Confucius: Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8248-2842-4 |doi=10.26530/oapen_625891 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Goldin |editor-first=Paul R. |title=The Routledge Handbook of Early Chinese History |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-77591-6 |editor-mask=3}} ** {{Harvc |last=Guo |first=Jue |in=Goldin |year=2018 |c=The spirit world |pages=229–260}} ** {{Harvc |last=Leung |first=Vincent S. |in=Goldin |year=2018 |c=The former Han empire |pages=160–179}} ** {{Harvc |last=Sanft |first=Charles |in=Goldin |year=2018 |c=The Qin dynasty |pages=146–159}} ** {{Harvc |last=Shen |first=Chen |in=Goldin |year=2018 |c=The age of territorial lords |pages=108–145}} ** {{Harvc |last=Tavor |first=Ori |in=Goldin |year=2018 |c=Religious thought |pages=261–279}} ** {{Harvc |last=Sterckx |first=Roel |in=Goldin |year=2018 |c=Food and agriculture |pages=300–318}} * {{Cite book |last=Hsiao |first=Kung-chuan |author-link=K. C. Hsiao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn7PxQEACAAJ |title=A History of Chinese Political Thought |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-691-61289-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Hui |first=Victoria Tin-bor |title=War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-139-44356-2 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511614545.002}} * {{Cite book |last=Jiang |first=Tao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXo_EAAAQBAJ |title=Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-760347-5 |via=Google Books}} * {{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=China: A History |publisher=Harper |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-00-722178-3}} * {{Cite book |last1=Kinney |first1=Anne Behnke |title=The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China |last2=Hardy |first2=Grant |publisher=Greenwood |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-32588-5 |location=Westport, CT}} * {{Cite book |last=Korolkov |first=Maxim |title=The Imperial Network in Ancient China: The Foundation of Sinitic Empire in Southern East Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-367-65428-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lander |first=Brian |title=The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-300-25508-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Mark Edward |author-link=Mark Edward Lewis |title=Writing and Authority in Early China |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7914-4114-5 |doi=10.1353/pew.2001.0006}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Mark Edward |author-link=Mark Edward Lewis |title=The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han |publisher=Belknap |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-674-02477-9 |location=London |author-mask=3}} * {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Feng |author-link=Li Feng (sinologist) |title=Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=The eastward migration: reconfiguring the Western Zhou state |year=2006 |pages=233–278 |isbn=978-0-521-85272-2 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511489655.010}} * {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Feng |author-mask=3 |title=Early China: A Social and Cultural History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-89552-1 |series=New Approaches to Asian History |volume=12 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139034395}} * {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=ancient |location=}} ** {{Harvc |c=The heritage left to the empires |last=Loewe |first=Michael |pages=967–1032 |in1=Loewe |in2=Shaughnessy |year=1999 |author-mask=3 |ignore-err=yes}} {{DOI|10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.016}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Loewe |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Loewe |author-mask=3 |date=9 September 2007 |title=China's First Empire |url=http://www.historytoday.com/michael-loewe/china%E2%80%99s-first-empire |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235658/http://www.historytoday.com/michael-loewe/china%E2%80%99s-first-empire |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-17 |magazine=History Today |volume=57 |number=9 |issn=0018-2753}} * {{Cite book |last=Loewe |first=Michael |title=Dong Zhongshu, a 'Confucian' Heritage and the ''Chunqiu fanlu'' |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-21486-6 |series=China Studies |volume=20 |location=Leiden |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004194656.i-370.15 |author-mask=3}} * {{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Economic History of China |volume=1: To 1800 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2022 |isbn=978-1-108-42557-5 |doi=10.1017/9781108587334 |editor-first=Debin |editor-last=Ma |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last2=von Glahn}} ** {{Harvc |last=Hara |first=Motoko |in1=Ma |in2=von Glahn |year=2022 |c=Agriculture and its environmental impact |pages=52–91}} ** {{Harvc |last=Kakinuma |first=Yōhei |in1=Ma |in2=von Glahn |year=2022 |c=Money, markets, and merchants |pages=131–165}} ** {{Harvc |last=von Falkenhausen |first=Lothar |in1=Ma |in2=von Glahn |year=2022 |c=The economy of late pre-imperial China |pages=15–51}} ** {{Harvc |last=von Glahn |first=Richard |in1=Ma |in2=von Glahn |year=2022 |c=Economic philosophy and political economy |pages=166–202}} * {{Cite book |last=Morton |first=W. Scott |title=China: Its History and Culture |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-07-043424-0 |edition=3rd |ol=9250588M |ol-access=free}} * {{Cite book |title=Birth of an Empire: The State of Qin Revisited |publisher=University of California Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-520-28974-1 |editor-last=Pines |editor-first=Yuri |series=New Perspectives on Chinese Culture and Society |volume=5 |location=Berkeley |ref={{sfnref|Pines|2014}} |editor-last2=Shelach-Lavi |editor-first2=Gideon |editor-link2=Gideon Shelach-Lavi |editor-last3=Falkenhausen |editor-first3=Lothar von |editor-last4=Yates |editor-first4=Robin D. S. |editor-link4=Robin D. S. Yates |editor-link=Yuri Pines |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h74v49p |via=eScholarship |postscript={{free access}}.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Legalism in Chinese Philosophy |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/chinese-legalism/ |last=Pines |first=Yuri |date=Summer 2023 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |author-mask=3 |editor-first2=Uri |editor-last2=Nodelman}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L24aBQAAQBAJ |title=Dao Companion to China's ''fa'' Tradition |publisher=Springer |year=2024 |isbn=978-3-031-53629-8 |issn=2211-0275 |series=Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy |volume=19 |editor-last=Pines |editor-first=Yuri |editor-mask=3}} ** {{Harvc |c=Laozi, Huang-Lao and the ''fa'' tradition: thinking through the term ''xingming'' 刑名 |last=Wang |first=Pei |pages=575–594 |in=Pines |year=2024}} * {{Cite book |last=Qiu |first=Xigui |author-link=Qiu Xigui |title=Chinese Writing |publisher=Society for the Study of Early China, University of California |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55729-071-7 |series=Early China Special Monograph Series |volume=4 |location=Berkeley |translator-last=Mattos |translator-first=Gilbert L. |ref={{sfnref|Qiu|1988}} |orig-date=1988 |translator-last2=Norman |translator-first2=Jerry}} * {{Cite book |last=Sanft |first=Charles |title=Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China: Publicizing the Qin Dynasty |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4384-5037-7 |location=Albany |orig-date=2013}} * {{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |year=1979 |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D. |journal=Social Science History |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |page=121 |doi=10.2307/1170959 |jstor=1170959}} * {{Cite Cambridge History of China <!-- Citation bot no! -->|volume=1 |ref={{sfnref|Cambridge History of China|1986}} |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243278 }} ** {{Harvc |last=Bodde |first=Derk |author-link=Derk Bodde |year=1986 |c=The state and empire of Chʻin |in=''Cambridge History of China'' |pages=20–102}} ** {{Harvc |last=Hulsewé |first=A. F. P. |author-link=A. F. P. Hulsewé |year=1986 |c=Chʻin and Han law |in=''Cambridge History of China'' |pages=520–544}} * {{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Geoff |date=May 2009 |title=The Polity of Yelang (夜郎) and the Origin of the Name 'China' |url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Sino-Platonic Papers]] |volume=188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930070227/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Wilkinson |editor-first=Endymion |title=Chinese History A New Manual |publisher=Harvard |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-674-08846-7}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Xiong |editor-first=Victor Cunrui |editor-last2=Hammond |editor-first2=Kenneth James |title=The Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-84728-6}} ** {{Harvc |last=Sanft |first=Charles |in1=Xiong |in2=Hammond |year=2019 |c=The Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) |pages=12–24}} * {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Watson |date=1962 |title=Early Chinese Literature |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-08671-4}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Xue |first1=Deshu |last2=Qi |first2=Xiuqian |date=May 2019 |title=Research on Supervision System in Ancient China and Its Contemporary Reference |journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |doi=10.2991/ichssr-19.2019.79 |pages=414–419 |issn=2352-5398 |volume=319 |number=79 |doi-access=free}} {{Refend}}
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