Editing Psychology (section)

=== Unconscious mind ===
{{see also|Unconscious mind#Psychology}}
Study of the unconscious mind, a part of the psyche outside the individual's awareness but that is believed to influence conscious thought and behavior, was a hallmark of early psychology. In one of the first psychology experiments conducted in the United States, [[C.S. Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]] found in 1884 that research subjects could choose the minutely heavier of two weights even if consciously uncertain of the difference.<ref>Charles Sanders Peirce & Joseph Jastrow, "[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm On Small Differences in Sensation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609111346/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm |date=9 June 2019 }}", ''Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences'' 3, 17 October 1884; cited in William P. Banks & Ilya Farber, "Consciousness", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 4: ''Experimental Psychology''; and in {{cite journal | last1 = Deber | first1 = James A | last2 = Jacoby | first2 = Larry L. | year = 1994 | title = Unconscious Perception: Attention, Awareness, and Control | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 20 | issue = 2| pages = 304–317| doi=10.1037/0278-7393.20.2.304| pmid = 8151275 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.412.4083 }}</ref> Freud popularized the concept of the unconscious mind, particularly when he referred to an uncensored intrusion of unconscious thought into one's speech (a [[Freudian slip]]) or to his efforts [[The Interpretation of Dreams|to interpret dreams]].<ref>{{Wikisource-inline|The Interpretation of Dreams|''The Interpretation of Dreams''|single=true}}, a faithful copy of the third edition translated in English by [[Abraham Arden Brill]] and published in 1913 by [[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Company]]</ref> His 1901 book ''[[The Psychopathology of Everyday Life]]'' catalogs hundreds of everyday events that Freud explains in terms of unconscious influence. [[Pierre Janet]] advanced the idea of a subconscious mind, which could contain autonomous mental elements unavailable to the direct scrutiny of the subject.<ref name=Kihlstrom1999>John F. Kihlstrom, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=iXMQq7wg-qkC&pg=PA424 The Psychological Unconscious] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919002810/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iXMQq7wg-qkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA424 |date=19 September 2015 }}", in Lawrence Pervin & Oliver John (eds.), ''Handbook of Personality''; New York: Guilford Press, 1999. Also see [http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/Pervin3.htm web version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084438/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/Pervin3.htm |date=9 October 2016 }}.</ref>

The concept of unconscious processes has remained important in psychology. Cognitive psychologists have used a "filter" model of attention. According to the model, much information processing takes place below the threshold of consciousness, and only certain stimuli, limited by their nature and number, make their way through the filter. Much research has shown that subconscious ''[[priming (psychology)|priming]]'' of certain ideas can covertly influence thoughts and behavior.<ref name=Kihlstrom1999 /> Because of the unreliability of self-reporting, a major hurdle in this type of research involves demonstrating that a subject's conscious mind has not perceived a target stimulus. For this reason, some psychologists prefer to distinguish between ''[[implicit memory|implicit]]'' and ''[[explicit memory|explicit]]'' memory. In another approach, one can also describe a [[subliminal stimulus]] as meeting an ''objective'' but not a ''subjective'' threshold.<ref name=BanksFarber>William P. Banks & Ilya Farber, "Consciousness", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 4: ''Experimental Psychology''.{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

The [[automaticity]] model of [[John Bargh]] and others involves the ideas of automaticity and unconscious processing in our understanding of [[social behavior]],<ref name=Barghs>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462 |title=The unbearable automaticity of being |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=462–479 |year=1999 |last1=Bargh |first1=John A. |last2=Chartrand |first2=Tanya L. |s2cid=5726030 }} Also see: John A. Bargh, "The Automaticity of Everyday Life", in Robert S. Wyer Jr. (ed.), ''The Automaticity of Everyday Life'', Advances in Social Cognition, Volume X; Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997; {{ISBN|978-0-8058-1699-0}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref><ref name=KihlstromJuggernaut>John F. Kihlstrom, "[http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/AutomaticityJuggernaut.htm The Automaticity Juggernaut—or, Are We Automatons After All?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310133623/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/AutomaticityJuggernaut.htm |date=10 March 2015 }}", in John Baer, James C. Kaufmna, & Roy F. Baumeister (eds.), ''Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will''; Oxford University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-19-518963-6}}</ref> although there has been dispute with regard to replication.<ref name="Doyen2012">S. Doyen, O. Klein, C. L. Pichon and A. Cleeremans. (2012). Behavioral priming: it's all in the mind, but whose mind? ''PLoS One'', '''7''', [https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029081 e29081] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730080405/https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029081 |date=30 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://psychfiledrawer.org/replication.php?attempt=MTU%3D|title=Elderly-Related Words Prime Slow Walking|last1=Pashler|first1=H|last2=Harris|first2=C|date=15 September 2011|website=psychfiledrawer.org|access-date=17 October 2016|last3=Coburn|first3=N|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021134108/http://psychfiledrawer.org/replication.php?attempt=MTU=|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some experimental data suggest that the [[Neuroscience of free will|brain begins to consider taking actions]] before the mind becomes aware of them.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nn.2112 |pmid=18408715 |title=Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=543–545 |year=2008 |last1=Soon |first1=Chun Siong |last2=Brass |first2=Marcel |last3=Heinze |first3=Hans-Jochen |last4=Haynes |first4=John-Dylan |citeseerx=10.1.1.520.2204 |s2cid=2652613 }}</ref> The influence of unconscious forces on people's choices bears on the philosophical question of free will. John Bargh, [[Daniel Wegner]], and [[Ellen Langer]] [[Illusion of control|describe free will as an illusion]].<ref name=Barghs /><ref name=KihlstromJuggernaut /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baumeister | first1 = Roy F. | title = Free Will in Scientific Psychology | journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science | volume = 3 | issue = 1| year = 2008 | doi=10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00057.x | pmid = 26158665 | pages=14–19| citeseerx = 10.1.1.476.102 | s2cid = 9630921 }}</ref>