Editing Polyamory (section)

=== 1970s to 2000s ===
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''[[The Gods Themselves]]'' is a 1972 novel by [[Isaac Asimov]], a third of which is devoted to describing an alien race in an alien dimension where romantic relationships are usually composed of ''three'' individuals and where conception, and orgasm, is only possible during sexual intercourse between all three partners at the same time (i.e., a threesome).<ref>Asimov, Isaac (1972). ''The Gods Themselves''. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-02701-X</ref>

[[File:Cosplay of Starfire, Fanime 2015 (18142422915).jpg|thumb|upright|Cosplay of the superhero Starfire at FanimeCon 2015]]

[[Starfire (Teen Titans)|Starfire]], also known as Princess Koriand'r, is a fictional [[superhero]] appearing in books published by [[DC Comics]], who debuted in a [[DC Comics insert previews|preview story inserted]] within ''[[DC Comics Presents]]'' #26 (October 1980) and was created by [[Marv Wolfman]] and [[George Pérez]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowsill |first1=Alan |last2=Irvine |first2=Alex |last3=Korte |first3=Steve |last4=Manning |first4=Matt |last5=Wiacek |first5=Win |last6=Wilson |first6=Sven |title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe |date=2016 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-1-4654-5357-0 |page=284}}</ref> she was shown to be a polyamorous character. Starfire was raised on the world of Tamaran where it was acceptable to have an [[open marriage]]. Some critics argue that after arriving on Earth, she remained sex-positive and free-thinking, remaining open to [[polygamous]] relationships, open sex, and [[pansexual]] "free-love" with anyone, often leading to conflict with Earth's more reserved culture and customs.<ref name="Century">{{cite web |last1=Century |first1=Sara |title=Why Starfire's polyamory matters |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/why-starfires-polyamory-matters |website=[[Syfy|Syfy Wire]] |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203182225/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/why-starfires-polyamory-matters |archive-date=February 3, 2020 |date=October 18, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Starfire Pansexual">{{cite web |last1=Schenkel |first1=Katie |title=The Case For Pansexual Starfire [Pride Week] |url=https://comicsalliance.com/pansexual-starfire-pride-week/ |website=[[ComicsAlliance]] |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203180724/https://comicsalliance.com/pansexual-starfire-pride-week/ |archive-date=February 3, 2020 |date=June 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For Starfire, polyamory was a personal and cultural preference.<ref name="Century" />

In 1989, the anime series ''[[Ranma ½]]'' included a polyamorous character, Tatewaki, who is in love with both Akane and the "Pigtail Girl" (Ranma's female form) and proposes to date both, but they do not return his feelings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yadao |first=Jason S. |date=2009 |title=The Rough Guide to Manga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcYex0sGmQ0C&pg=PA178 |location=[[London]] |publisher=Rough Guides |page=178 |isbn=9781858285610 |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-date=March 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310100840/https://books.google.com/books?id=WcYex0sGmQ0C&pg=PA178 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Robert Jordan]]'s fantasy book series ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'', which began its run in 1990, is notable for its inclusion of various polyamorous relationships throughout the narrative. This includes the protagonist [[List of The Wheel of Time characters#Rand al'Thor|Rand al’Thor]], who enters a romantic relationship with three women, [[List of The Wheel of Time characters#Min Farshaw|Min]], [[List of The Wheel of Time characters#Aviendha|Aviendha]] and [[List of The Wheel of Time characters#Elayne Trakand|Elayne]]. The Aiel culture in the series also practice polyamory commonly.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Leigh |title=The Wheel of Time Reread Redux: The Shadow Rising, Part 10 |url=https://reactormag.com/the-wheel-of-time-reread-redux-the-shadow-rising-part-10/ |website=Reactor |date=13 December 2016}}</ref> The books also hinted at a relationship between [[List of The Wheel of Time characters#Alanna Mosvani|Alanna]] and her (male) warders Ihvon and Maksim, but it was not explored in detail until the [[The Wheel of Time (TV series)|2021 television adaptation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Wheel of Time boss talks exploring polyamory in season 2 and beyond |url=https://winteriscoming.net/2022/05/04/wheel-of-time-boss-on-expanding-romances-in-season-2-beyond/ |website=Winter is Coming |date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

In 2002, the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[A Taste of Freedom]]" showed Old Man Waterfall, who is Zoidberg's defense attorney until killed by a giant crab warship, having seven wives and one husband.<ref>{{cite news|last=Handlen |first=Zack|title=''Futurama'': "A Taste Of Freedom"/"Bender Should Not Be Allowed On Television"|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/futurama-taste-freedombender-should-not-be-allowed-221359|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=June 25, 2015|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104094358/https://tv.avclub.com/futurama-a-taste-of-freedom-bender-should-not-be-al-1798184181|archive-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> While Waterfall's case for Zoidberg is unsuccessful, the Supreme Court holds polygamy as legal, though this leads to jeers from spectators. The made-for-TV ''[[Futurama]]'' film, ''[[Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs|The Beast with a Billion Backs]]'' (published 2008), featured two polyamorous characters: Colleen O'Hallahan and Yivo. Colleen had five boyfriends, Fry, Chu, Ndulu, Schlomo and Bolt Rolands,<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Connor|first=Stuart|date=May 16, 2008|title=Futurama: The Beast With a Billion Backs (DVD)|newspaper=ScreenJabber|url=https://screenjabber.com/reviews/futurama_beastbillionbacksDVD/|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604211035/https://screenjabber.com/reviews/futurama_beastbillionbacksDVD/|archive-date=June 4, 2017|url-status=usurped|quote=Fry decides to move in with Colleen [despite]...after making the horrifying discovery that he is merely one of the five boyfriends she shares her apartment with.}}</ref>{{efn|Fry breaks up with Colleen and becomes the messenger of Yivo after he states that their relationship is not working out.}} while Yivo is a planet-sized alien with no determinable gender, dating, then marrying all people of the universe at once.<ref name="Callan">{{cite news|last=Callan|first=Jonathan|date=June 25, 2008|title=REVIEW - Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs|newspaper=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]]|url=https://www.cbr.com/review-futurama-the-beast-with-a-billion-backs//|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801025333/https://www.cbr.com/review-futurama-the-beast-with-a-billion-backs/|archive-date=August 1, 2020|quote=The first act parallels the rip in space with the introduction of Fry's new girlfriend, Colleen (voiced by Brittany Murphy), whom Fry soon discovers has four **other** boyfriends. This serves as a thematic lead-in to the plot that tackles notions of polygamous love head-on...It's in the third act, where humanity moves in with Yeevo, that the film really becomes something special...after being exposed as a randy bachelor, Yevo confesses: "Granted, at first I wished only to bang out a cheap one with your universe. But it's your own fault. Your universe dresses provocatively.""}}</ref> Fry and Colleen eventually break up. Afterwards, Yivo remains in a relationship with Colleen.<ref name="Handlen">{{cite news|last=Handlen|first=Zack|date=August 27, 2015|title=Futurama: The Beast With A Billion Backs|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]|url=https://www.avclub.com/futurama-the-beast-with-a-billion-backs-1798184720|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225132057/https://tv.avclub.com/futurama-the-beast-with-a-billion-backs-1798184720|archive-date=December 25, 2019|url-status=live|quote=...while it's neat for Fry's relationship to Colleen to eventually end with Yivo deciding Colleen, with her group relationships, is the only person to really understand him, that doesn't make Colleen into a better written character, and it doesn't make Fry's romantic struggles more interesting in their own right.}}</ref>

The 21st century brought various new forms of representation of polyamory. In 2007, Daniel Help Justice's book ''Dreyd'' featured Tarsa, a priestess, warrior, and bisexual woman, as part of a polyamorous love triad.<ref name="Stepaniuk" />  In 2009, [[Graham Nicholls]] founded www.polyamory.org.uk, the United Kingdom's first website about polyamory<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/meet-the-polyamorists-ndash-a-growing-band-of-people-who-believe-that-more-lovers-equals-more-love-1785263.html|title=Meet the polyamorists – a growing band of people who believe|date=October 22, 2011|website=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224210024/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/meet-the-polyamorists-ndash-a-growing-band-of-people-who-believe-that-more-lovers-equals-more-love-1785263.html |archive-date=December 24, 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> and the Mom of Pina in Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli's novel, ''Love You Two'' was shown to be polyamorous and bisexual, leading Pina on a journey to explore the "complex spectrum of sex and love" in humanity itself.<ref name="Stepaniuk" /> In 2010, the series ''[[Lost Girl]]'' began. It included [[Bo (Lost Girl)|Bo Dennis]], a bisexual [[succubus]] which must sustain herself by feeding from the [[Qi|life force]] of male and female Fae and humans, via oral intake or the energy created through sex. In the first two seasons she was involved romantically with Dyson (a heterosexual [[shapeshifter]]) and Lauren (a [[lesbian]] human). Later on, Bo tried to have a [[Monogamy|monogamous]] relationship with Lauren, with Bo and Lauren remaining in love with each other through ups and downs, and later accepting each other as a couple by the end of the series.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Igarashi|first1=Hayley|title=The ABCs of Doccubus, TV's Steamy Succubus Romance|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Beyond+the+Tube/articles/yJF-eSjopRg/ABCs+Doccubus+TV+Steamy+Succubus+Romance|website=Zimbio|date=March 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629185241/https://www.zimbio.com/Beyond+the+Tube/articles/yJF-eSjopRg/ABCs+Doccubus+TV+Steamy+Succubus+Romance|archive-date=June 29, 2020|access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Liszewski|first1=Bridget|title=Lost Girl's Anna Silk is Eager to Reunite with Cast Mates and Meet Fans at ClexaCon 2018|url=http://www.thetvjunkies.com/clexacon-anna-silk-interview/|website=The TV Junkies|date=March 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040334/https://www.thetvjunkies.com/clexacon-anna-silk-interview/|archive-date=October 7, 2018|access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref>