Editing Pictures at an Exhibition (section)

==Arrangements and interpretations==
[[File:Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (Touschmaloff orchestration), page 1.jpg|thumb|right|The opening bars of Tushmalov's orchestration of ''Pictures at an Exhibition'']]
The first musician to arrange Mussorgsky's ''Pictures at an Exhibition'' for orchestra was the Russian composer and conductor [[Mikhail Tushmalov]]. However, his version (first performed in 1891 and possibly produced as early as 1886 when he was a student of Rimsky-Korsakov){{sfn|Russ|1992|p=76}}<!-- Note to searchers; Russ uses the spelling "Touschmaloff" --> does not include the entire suite: Only seven of the ten "pictures" are present, leaving out "Gnomus", "Tuileries", and "Cattle", and all the Promenades are omitted except for the last one, which is used in place of the first.

The next orchestration was undertaken by the British conductor [[Henry Wood]] in 1915. He recorded a few sections of his arrangement on a pair of acoustic Columbia 78rpm discs in 1920. However, he withdrew his version when [[Maurice Ravel]]'s orchestration was published, and banned every public performance in the 1930s in deference to Ravel's work. Wood's arrangement has also been recorded by the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] under [[Nicholas Braithwaite]] and issued on the [[Lyrita]] label. All but the first of the Promenade movements were omitted and other passages extensively re-composed. Wood's orchestration was once described by [[Gordon Jacob]] as "superior to Ravel's in picturesqueness and vividness",<ref>Gordon Jacob ''Orchestral Technique. A manual for students''; Oxford University Press, 2nd edition 1940/1973, p 103</ref> with its off-stage camel-bells in "Cattle" and grand organ in "The Great Gate of Kyiv".

The first person to orchestrate the piece in its entirety was the Slovenian-born conductor and violinist [[Leo Funtek]], who finished his version in 1922 while living and working in Finland.

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The version by [[Maurice Ravel]], produced in 1922 on a commission by [[Serge Koussevitzky]], represents a virtuoso effort by a master colourist. The orchestration has proved the most popular in the concert hall and on record.

Ravel omitted the Promenade between "Samuel Goldenberg and Schmuÿle" and "Limoges" and applied artistic license to some particulars of dynamics and notation. His instrumental colors—a trumpet solo for the opening Promenade, dark woodwind tones for passages suggesting [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] chant, the piccolo and high strings for the children's "chicks in shells"—are widely admired. The influence of Ravel's version may often be discerned in subsequent versions of the suite.

Koussevitzky's commission, worked out with the publishers of the piano suite, gave him sole conducting rights for several years. He conducted the first performance in Paris on October 19, 1922.<ref>[https://www.sfsymphony.org/Data/Event-Data/Program-Notes/M/Mussorgsky-Pictures-at-an-Exhibition,-orchestrated Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition, orchestrated by Maurice Ravel]</ref> He published Ravel's score himself and in 1930 made the first recording of it with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]]. The exclusive nature of his commission prompted the release of a number of contemporary versions by other arrangers until Ravel's became generally available.

The original publisher of Mussorgsky's piano suite, W. Bessel & Co. rushed to produce an orchestral version of its own after Ravel's proved popular. The publisher had passed on the opportunity to publish Ravel's arrangement, seeing no great commercial advantage in printing a score and set of parts for large orchestra; it had granted Koussevitzky permission to commission the setting and publish the score himself on the condition that no one else be allowed to perform it. Bessel turned to a Ravel student, 21-year-old Russian-born pianist [[Leonidas Leonardi]] (1901–1967), a.k.a. Leon Leonardi or Leonid Leonardi, to create an orchestral version that could meet the now burgeoning demand and help the publisher regain some of its lost advantage. Leonardi's orchestration requires even larger forces than the version made by his mentor. The young pianist dedicated his setting of the suite to [[Igor Stravinsky]] and conducted the premiere in Paris with the [[Lamoureux Orchestra]] on 15 June 1924. The US premiere took place on 4 December 1924 when the [[New York Symphony Orchestra]] performed it under the baton of [[Walter Damrosch]]. Regardless, Leonardi's orchestration was soon eclipsed by Ravel's, and today only the third Promenade and "Tuileries" movement of his version may be heard on audio record ([[Leonard Slatkin]]/Saint Louis Symphony: ''The Slatkin Years: 6 CD Set'').

Another arrangement appeared when [[Eugene Ormandy]] took over the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] in 1936 following [[Leopold Stokowski]]'s decision to resign the conductorship. Ormandy wanted a version of ''Pictures'' of his own and commissioned [[Lucien Cailliet]], the Philadelphia Orchestra's 'house arranger' and player in the woodwind section, to produce one. This version was premiered and recorded by Ormandy in 1937. [[Walter Goehr]] published a version in 1942 for smaller forces than Ravel but curiously dropped "Gnomus" altogether and made "Limoges" the first piece.

The conductor [[Leopold Stokowski]] had introduced Ravel's version to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] audiences in November 1929; ten years later, he produced [[Pictures at an Exhibition (Stokowski orchestration)|his own very free orchestration]] (incorporating much re-composition), aiming for what he called a more Slavic orchestral sound instead of Ravel's more Gallic approach. Stokowski revised his version over the years and made three gramophone recordings of it (1939, 1941 and 1965). The score, finally published in 1971, has since been recorded by other conductors, including [[Matthias Bamert]], [[Gennady Rozhdestvensky]], [[Oliver Knussen]] and [[José Serebrier]].

Although Ravel's version is most often performed and recorded, a number of conductors have made their own changes to the scoring, including [[Arturo Toscanini]], [[Nikolai Golovanov]], and [[James Conlon]]. Conductor and pianist [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]] produced his own orchestral arrangement, expressing dissatisfaction with Ravel's interpretive liberties and perpetuation of early printing errors.{{sfn|Parrott|Ashkenazy|1984|p=164}} The conductor [[Leonard Slatkin]] has performed compendium versions, in which each Promenade and picture is interpreted by a different orchestral arranger.

Many other orchestrations and arrangements of ''Pictures'' have been made. Most show debts to Ravel; the original piano composition is, of course, frequently performed and recorded. A version for chamber orchestra exists, made by [[Taiwan]]ese composer Chao Ching-Wen. [[Elgar Howarth]] arranged it for the [[Philip Jones Brass Ensemble]] in 1977, subsequently recasting it for [[Grimethorpe Colliery Band]]. [[Kazuhito Yamashita]] wrote an adaptation for solo [[classical guitar]]. Excerpts have also been recorded, including a 78&nbsp;rpm disc of "The Old Castle" and "Catacombs" orchestrated by Sir [[Granville Bantock]], and a spectacular version of "The Great Gate of Kyiv" was scored by [[Douglas Gamley]] for full symphony orchestra, male voice choir and organ. The [[Amadeus Orchestra]] (UK) commissioned ten composers to orchestrate one movement each to make a version first performed complete in 2012.<ref name="Shakhidi">{{cite web |title=Amadeus Orchestra plays music of Tolibkhon Shakhidi |url=http://www.shakhidi.ru/main.mhtml?Part=9&PubID=26 |website=Tolibkhon Shakhidi |access-date=March 17, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Movements were provided by [[Alastair King]], Roger May, [[Tolib Shakhidi]], David Butterworth, [[Philip Mackenzie]], Simon Whiteside, Daryl Griffiths, Natalia Villanueva, James McWilliam and Julian Kershaw.<ref name="Shakhidi"/>

The suite has inspired homages in a broad range of musical styles. [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]]'s [[Pictures at an Exhibition (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)|version]] incorporated elements of [[progressive rock]], [[jazz]] and [[folk music]] (1971/2008). An [[electronic music]] adaptation by [[Isao Tomita]] was done in 1975. A heavy metal arrangement of the entire suite was released by German band [[Mekong Delta (band)|Mekong Delta]]; another metal band, [[Armored Saint]], utilised the "Great Gate of Kyiv" theme as an introduction for the track "March of the Saint". In 2002, electronic musician-composer [[Amon Tobin]] paraphrased "Gnomus" for the track "Back From Space" on his album ''[[Out from Out Where]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whosampled.com/sample/view/8992/Amon%20Tobin-Back%20From%20Space_Modest%20Mussorgsky%20and%20Maurice%20Ravel-Gnomus/ |title= Amon Tobin's Back From Space sample of Modest Mussorgsky and Maurice Ravel's Gnomus |publisher=[[whosampled.com]]}}</ref> In 2003 guitarist-composer [[Trevor Rabin]] released an electric guitar adaptation of the Promenade originally intended for the [[Yes (band)|Yes]] album ''[[Big Generator]]'' and later included on his demo album ''[[90124]]''. In 2005, ''Animusic 2'' included a track entitled "Cathedral Pictures", which included only the first Promenade and the final two movements from the suite. The [[Michael Jackson]] song "[[HIStory (song)|HIStory]]" samples a short section of "The Great Gate of Kiev", with a longer part featured during the [[HIStory World Tour]] 5 minute-countdown before the MJ-2040 spaceship departs, a snippet before continuing [[They Don't Care About Us]] and in the flag parade finale in 1996/97. Re-issues of the ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I|HIStory]]'' album further changed the sample on the track. The same thing can be heard in the [[Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration]], which during the Jacksons's ultimate medley, after [[Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song)|Can You Feel It]], the song starts and then [[ABC (The Jackson 5 song)|ABC]] starts.

===Orchestrations===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2019}}
A partial listing of orchestral arrangements of ''Pictures at an Exhibition'':

* [[Mikhail Tushmalov]]<ref name=trib1980/> (ca. 1886; three pictures and four Promenades omitted: recorded by [[Marc Andreae]] and the [[Munich Philharmonic]] for BASF.)
* [[Henry Wood]]<ref name=trib1980/> (1915; four Promenades omitted: recorded by [[Nicholas Braithwaite]] and the [[London Philharmonic]] for Lyrita.)
* [[Leo Funtek]] ([[1922 in music|1922]]; all Promenades included: recorded by [[Leif Segerstam]] and the [[Finnish Radio Symphony]] for BIS; Also on [[Teldec]] Laser-disc with [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]] conducting the [[Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra]].)
* [[Maurice Ravel]] (1922; the fifth Promenade omitted.)
* [[Giuseppe Becce]] (1922; for "salon-orchestra". No Promenades are included at all, and only some of the Pictures.)
* [[Leonidas Leonardi]] (1924);<ref name=trib1980>{{cite news |last1=von Rhein |first1=John |title=Slatkin's Departure with 'Pictures' has its Gains and Losses |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-11-02-9004010000-story.html |access-date=August 15, 2019 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=November 2, 1980}}</ref> for large symphony orchestra, arranged by a pupil of Ravel's.
* [[Lucien Cailliet]]<ref name=trib1980/> (1937: recorded by [[Eugene Ormandy]] and the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] for RCA and reissued on Biddulph.)
* [[Pictures at an Exhibition (Stokowski orchestration)|Leopold Stokowski]]<ref name=trib1980/> (1939; third Promenade, "Tuileries", fifth Promenade and "Limoges" omitted. Three recordings conducted by Stokowski himself: with the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], All-American Youth Orchestra, and New Philharmonia.)
* [[Walter Goehr]] (1942; "Gnomus" omitted; includes a subsidiary part for piano.)
* [[Sergei Gorchakov]]<ref name=trib1980/> (1954: recorded by [[Kurt Masur]] and the London Philharmonic for Teldec; Also recorded with [[Karl Anton Rickenbacher]], conducting the Krakow Radio Symphony, for the [[RCA Records]]. A live 1980 performance by the Leningrad Academic Symphony Orchestra under Konstantin Simeonov was recorded by Melodiya.)
* [[Nikolai Golovanov]] (A heavily edited version of Ravel's orchestration in which Golovanov omits all but the first of the Promenades was recorded for Melodiya.)
* [[Lawrence Leonard]]<ref name=trib1980/> (1977; for piano and orchestra; recorded by Tamas Ungar, piano, with [[Geoffrey Simon]] and the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]] for Cala.)
* [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]<ref name=trib1980/> (1982: recorded by Ashkenazy and the Philharmonia Orchestra for Decca/London.)
* [[Francisco Mignone]] (date unknown; discovered after the composer's death in 1986.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osesp.art.br/concertoseingressos/concerto.aspx?IdApresentacao=6825|language=pt|quote=A rara versão de Quadros de Uma Exposição ... foi orquestrada pelo compositor brasileiro Francisco Mignone (1897–1986). Segundo sua mulher, a pianista Maria Josephina, a grade orquestral, até então desconhecida, foi encontrada em uma gaveta após a morte do marido em 1986. [A rare version of ''Pictures at an Exhibition'' ... was orchestrated by the Brazilian composer Francisco Mignone (1897–1986). According to his wife, the pianist Maria Josephina, the hitherto unknown orchestral arrangement was found in a drawer after her husband's death in 1986.])|title=Ensaio Aberto: Mechetti Rege Tchaikovsky e Mussorgsky por Mignone|publisher=[[Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo]]|date=May 2017|access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Wilbrandt]] (1992)
* [[Émile Naoumoff]] (ca. 1994, in concerto style with some added music, for piano and orchestra; recorded with Igor Blaschkow conducting the Deutsches Symphony Orchestra Berlin, for [[WERGO|Wergo]].)
* [[Mekong Delta (band)|Mekong Delta]] (1997; for group and orchestra.)
* {{ill|Julian Yu|de}} (2001), for sixteen players or chamber orchestra<ref>{{cite web |title=Pictures at an exhibition; arr. for sixteen players or chamber orchestra; a moderately modern rendition by immodest Julian Yu |url=https://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/workversion/yu-julian-pictures-at-an-exhibition-arr/14973 |website=Australian Music Centre |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Program Notes: Pictures at an Exhibition |url=http://portlandchamberorchestra.org/program-notes-pictures |website=Portland Chamber Orchestra |access-date=May 31, 2019 |date=May 9–11, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Jason Wright Wingate]] (2003; orchestra, organ and chorus.)
* [[Hidemaro Konoye]] (date unknown.)
* [[Leonard Slatkin]] – Two compendium versions, the second of which he recorded with the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]] for Warner Classics live at the [[BBC Proms]] on 1 September 2004; the other recording was with the [[Nashville Symphony]] for [[Naxos Records]].
* [[Václav Smetáček]] (date unknown; a performance with [[Gennady Rozhdestvensky]] conducting the [[Prague Symphony Orchestra]] on 28 October 2004 has been issued on the Don Industriale label.)
* [[Jukka-Pekka Saraste]] created a performing edition of his own, combining the orchestrations of [[Leo Funtek]] and [[Sergei Gorchakov]], recorded with the [[Toronto Symphony Orchestra]] for Finlandia Records, a division of [[Warner Music Group]].
* [[Amadeus Orchestra]] version, with one picture each provided by [[Alastair King]], Roger May, [[Tolib Shakhidi]], David Butterworth, [[Philip Mackenzie]], Simon Whiteside, Daryl Griffiths, Natalia Villanueva, James McWilliam and Julian Kershaw. (2012, for large orchestra.)<ref name="Shakhidi" />
* [[Peter Breiner]] (2012, for large orchestra.), recorded by Breiner and the [[New Zealand Symphony Orchestra]] for [[Naxos Records]].
* [[Tomasz Golka]] (2019, for full orchestra, based on Mussorgsky's original manuscript; includes all of the composer's original movements, unusual rhythms, harmonies, and notations that Rimsky-Korsakov later modified.){{citation needed|date=February 2021}} 
* [[David DeBoor Canfield]] (2023, for full orchestra, based on Mussorgsky's original manuscript; with reference to his orchestration in other works plus utilizing instruments not in existence in Mussorgsky's time.)<ref>source: https://illinoisnewsroom.org/sinfonia-piano-institute-season-40/</ref>
* [[Jason Nett]] (2022, for Vancouver Island Symphony Orchestra "The Pictures Project", based on Mussorgsky's original manuscript.)<ref>source: https://vancouverislandsymphony.com/the-pictures-project/	
/</ref>

===Arrangements for concert band===
* [[Erik W. G. Leidzén]] for the [[Edwin Franko Goldman]] band (1941; in three parts. Part 1 includes Promenade, The Old Castle, Tuileries, Bydło, and Ballet of the Unhatched Chickens, part 2 includes The Market Place at Limoges and Catacombs, and part 3 includes The Hut Of Baba-Yaga and The Great Gate of Kyiv.); published by [[Carl Fischer Music|Carl Fischer, Inc.]]
* [[James Curnow]] (1985; for large wind ensemble; abridged version.)
* [[Paul Lavender]] for the [[United States Marine Band]] (2012; transcription of Ravel's original orchestration.)
* Marius Hesby for the Royal Norwegian navy band (2023; 24 winds and 3 percussion; complete, based on Mussorgsky’s manuscript)

===Arrangements for other ensembles===
Arrangements of ''Pictures at an Exhibition'' for performing ensembles other than orchestra:
<!--sort by year-->
* [[Giuseppe Becce]] (1930; for piano trio.)
* [[Vladimir Horowitz]] (1946; revised version for solo piano.)
* [[Ralph Burns]] (1957; for jazz orchestra.)
* [[Allyn Ferguson]] (ca. 1963; for jazz orchestra.)
* [[Calvin Hampton]] (1967; for organ.)
* [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]] (1971; rock group, lyrics written by [[Greg Lake]].); see [[Pictures at an Exhibition (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)|''Pictures at an Exhibition'' (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)]].
* [[Harry van Hoof]] (ca. 1972; brass ensemble; "The Bogatyr Gates" only.)
* [[Keith Chapman (organist)|Keith Chapman]] (1972; for the [[Wanamaker Organ]].)
* [[Isao Tomita]] (1966; various instruments for the [[Osamu Tezuka]] animated film.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Jonathan |last2=McCarthy |first2=Helen |title=The Anime Encyclopedia, 3rd Revised Edition: A Century of Japanese Animation |date=2015 |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |isbn=9781611729092 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2376 |language=en}}</ref>
* Isao Tomita (1975; for synthesizer.){{sfn|Russ|1992|p=76}}
* [[Elgar Howarth]] (ca. 1977; for brass ensemble. Recorded in 1977 by the [[Philip Jones Brass Ensemble]] for Argo.)
* [[Ray Barretto]] (1979; "The Old Castle" for Latin-jazz band.)
* [[Arthur Wills (musician)|Arthur Wills]] (1970s; for organ. Recorded in 1980 by Wills on the Organ of Ely Cathedral for Hyperion.)
* [[Jon Faddis]] (1978; for [[trumpet]], in his solo album ''Good and Plenty'' with the track name "Promenade".)
* [[Kazuhito Yamashita]] (1980; for [[classical guitar]].)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coelho |first1=Victor Anand |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521000406 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbNnkKMyw7QC&pg=PA204 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Henk de Vlieger]] (1981; for [[percussion instrument|percussion]] ensemble.)
* [[Hugh Lawson (jazz pianist)|Hugh Lawson]] (1983; for jazz trio.)
* [[Jean Guillou]] (ca. 1988; for organ.)
* [[Peng Xiuwen]] (1989; for modern [[Chinese orchestra]]; Recorded in 1990 by China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra, China Record Co. CCD90-085.)
* [[Jevgenija Lisicina]] (ca. 1991; for three pipe organs; ca. 1997 for organ and 14 percussion instruments.)
* [[Tangerine Dream]] (1994; Promenade for trumpet, saxophone, horns and synthesizer; on their ''[[Turn of the Tides]]'' album.)
* [[Mekong Delta (band)|Mekong Delta]] (1997; for metal band.)
* [[Christian Lindberg]] (ca. 2000; for trombone and piano.)
* [[Simon Proctor]] (ca. 2000; for euphonium & tuba quartet, retitled ''Miniatures at an Exhibition''.)
* [[Wayne Lytle]], for the DVD ''[[Animusic#Animusic 2|Animusic 2]]'' under the title ''Cathedral Pictures'' (2005; for synthesizer; Promenade, "Baba Yaga" and "The Bogatyr Gates".)
* [[Cameron Carpenter]] (2006, for organ.)
* [[Walter Hilgers]] (2006; for large brass ensemble, percussion, and two harps.)
* [[Glass Duo]] (2007; for glass harp.)
* [[Slav de Hren]] (2008; for a punk-jazz band and vocal ensemble. Some of the pieces are complete transcriptions, others are improvisations on the original theme.)
* [[Friendly Rich]] (2009; for avant-garde cabaret jazz ensemble.)
* [[Clarice Assad]] (2009; for string orchestra, piano and percussion.)
* [[Yaron Gottfried]] (2011; for jazz trio and orchestra.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Gottfried Yaron, conductor |url=http://www.israel-opera.co.il/eng/?CategoryID=263&ArticleID=2552 |website=The Israeli Opera |access-date=July 11, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Robert W. Smith (musician)|Robert W. Smith]] (2012; Madison Scouts Drum And Bugle Corps.)
* [[Neil Cicierega]] (2014; for [[Smash Mouth]]–based mashup album "[[Mouth Sounds]]"; Promenade, made up of samples taken from "[[All Star (song)|All Star]]" by Smash Mouth.)
<!---date unknown--->
* [[William Schmidt (composer)|William Schmidt]] (date unknown; for saxophone choir.);
* [[Andrés Segovia]] (date unknown; for guitar; "The Old Castle" only.)
* [[Ward Swingle]] (date unknown; for vocal ensemble, double bass and percussion; ''Limoges'' only.)
* [http://www.borisivanovmusic.com Boris Ivanov] (2018; for synthesizers and rock band; entire suite.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://borisivanov.bandcamp.com/album/pictures-at-an-exhibition|title=Pictures at an Exhibition, by Boris Ivanov|website=Boris Ivanov|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>
* [[Guillermo Laporta]] (2023; for flute, violin, viola, cello and piano.)