Editing Phonograph record (section)

==Formats==
===Types of records===
The usual diameters of the holes on an EP record are {{convert|0.286|in|mm|2}}.<ref name="aardvark">{{cite web |url=http://www.aardvarkmastering.com/riaa.htm |title=Bulletin E 3: Standards for Stereophonic Disc Records |date=16 October 1963 |website=Aardvark Mastering |publisher=[[RIAA]] |access-date=10 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115184317/http://www.aardvarkmastering.com/riaa.htm |archive-date=15 November 2014 }}</ref>

Sizes of records in the United States and the UK are generally measured in inches, e.g. 7-inch records, which are generally 45&nbsp;rpm records. LPs were 10-inch records at first, but soon the 12-inch size became by far the most common. Generally, 78s were 10-inch, but 12-inch and 7-inch and even smaller were made—the so-called "little wonders".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.littlewonderrecords.com/ |title=Little Wonder Records, Bubble Books, Emerson, Victor, Harper, Columbia, Waterson, Berlin and Snyder |website=Littlewonderrecords.com |access-date=10 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420020454/http://www.littlewonderrecords.com/ |archive-date=20 April 2016 }}</ref>

===Standard formats===
[[File:45 rpm disk "War" by Wailing Souls & Rankin Trevor 1978.jpg|thumb|right|A standard wide-hole 7-inch vinyl record from 1978 on its sleeve]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Diameter 
! Finished Diameter{{efn-ua|Original hole diameters were 0.286″ ±0.001″ for {{frac|33|1|3}} and 78.26&nbsp;rpm records, and 1.504″ ±0.002″ for 45&nbsp;rpm records.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-NAB-Engineering/NAB-4th-Edition/Audio%20Recording--NAB-Engineering-4th-Edition.pdf|title=Supplement No. 2 to NAB (NARTB) Engineering Handbook; NARTB Recording and Reproducing Standards|date=1953}}</ref>}} !! Name !! Revolutions per minute !! Approximate duration (minutes) per side
|-
|{{convert|16|in|cm|abbr=on}}
|{{frac|15|15|16}}″ ±{{frac|3|32}}″
|[[Transcription disc]]
|{{frac|33|1|3}}
|15
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| rowspan="3" |{{frac|11|7|8}}″ ±{{frac|1|32}}″||[[LP record|LP]] (Long Play) ||{{frac|33|1|3}} || 22
|-
| Maxi Single, [[12-inch single]] || 45 || 15
|-
| [[Single (music)|Single]] || 78 || 4–5
|-
| rowspan="3"| {{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} 
| rowspan="3" |{{frac|9|7|8}}″ ±{{frac|1|32}}″||[[LP record|LP]] (Long Play) || {{frac|33|1|3}} || 12–15
|-
| [[EP]] (Extended Play) || 45 || 9–12
|-
| [[Single (music)|Single]] || 78 || 3
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}} 
| rowspan="3" |{{frac|6|7|8}}″ ±{{frac|1|32}}″||[[EP]] (Extended Play) || {{frac|33|1|3}}{{efn-ua|Columbia pressed many 7-inch {{frac|33|1|3}}&nbsp;rpm vinyl singles in 1949, but they were dropped in early 1950 due to the popularity of the RCA Victor 45.<ref>Columbia Record Catalog 1950</ref>{{full citation needed|date=March 2019}}}} || 7
|-
|EP (Extended Play)
|45
|8
|-
| [[Single (music)|Single]] || 45 || {{frac|5|1|3}}
|}
[[File:7inchsinglewithnotchedhole (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Example of 7″ EMI single with notched center hole]]

: '''Notes:'''
{{notelist-ua}}

===Less common formats===
{{Main|Unusual types of gramophone records}}
[[Flexi disc]]s were thin flexible records that were distributed with magazines and as promotional gifts from the 1960s to the 1980s.

In March 1949, as RCA Victor released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7-inch, {{frac|33|1|3}}&nbsp;rpm, small-spindle-hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA Victor 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12-inch LP would be the album of choice.<ref>Columbia record catalog Aug 1949</ref> 
The first release of the 45 came in seven colors: black 47-xxxx popular series, yellow 47-xxxx juvenile series, green (teal) 48-xxxx country series, deep red 49-xxxx classical series, bright red (cerise) 50-xxxx blues/spiritual series, light blue 51-xxxx international series, dark blue 52-xxxx light classics. Most colors were soon dropped in favor of black because of production problems. However, yellow and deep red were continued until about 1952.<ref>The Fabulous Victrola 45 Phil Vourtsis</ref>
The first 45&nbsp;rpm record created for sale was "PeeWee the Piccolo" RCA Victor 47-0147 pressed in yellow translucent vinyl at the Sherman Avenue plant, Indianapolis on 7 December 1948, by R. O. Price, plant manager.<ref>Indiana State Museum document no. 71.2010.098.0001</ref>

In the 1950s and 1960s [[Ribs (recordings)|Ribs]] were created within Soviet Union countries as a result of cultural censorship. These black market records were of banned music, printed onto x-ray films scavenged from hospital bins.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paphides |first=Pete |date=2015-01-29 |title=Bone music: the Soviet bootleg records pressed on x-rays |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/29/bone-music-soviet-bootleg-records-pressed-on-xrays |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> 

In the 1970s, the government of [[Bhutan]] produced now-collectible postage stamps on playable vinyl mini-discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thevinylfactory.com/features/the-curious-tale-of-bhutans-playable-record-postage-stamps |title=The curious tale of Bhutan's playable record postage stamps |publisher=The Vinyl Factory |date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202235519/http://thevinylfactory.com/features/the-curious-tale-of-bhutans-playable-record-postage-stamps/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>

=== Recent developments ===
In 2018, an Austrian startup, Rebeat Innovation GmBH, received {{US$}}4.8&nbsp;million in funding to develop high definition vinyl records that purport to contain longer play times, louder volumes and higher fidelity than conventional vinyl LPs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogan |first=Marc |date=April 11, 2018 |title='High Definition Vinyl' Is Happening, Possibly as Early as Next Year |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/high-definition-vinyl-is-happening-possibly-as-early-as-next-year/ |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> Rebeat Innovation, headed by CEO Günter Loibl, has called the format 'HD Vinyl'.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rose |first=Brent |date=April 20, 2018 |title=What Is HD Vinyl and Is It Legit? |url=https://gizmodo.com/what-is-hd-vinyl-and-is-it-legit-1825378987 |access-date=May 1, 2019 |website=Gizmodo}}</ref> The HD process works by converting audio to a digital 3D topography map that is then inscribed onto the vinyl stamper via lasers, resulting in less loss of information. Many critics have expressed skepticism regarding the cost and quality of HD records.<ref>{{cite web |last=Seppala |first=Timothy J. |date=April 26, 2018 |title=HD vinyl is a promise, not a product |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/04/26/hd-vinyl-rebeat-innovations/ |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=Endgadget}}</ref>

In May 2019, at the Making Vinyl conference in Berlin, Loibl unveiled the software "Perfect Groove" for creating 3D topographic audio data files.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 4, 2019 |title=HD Vinyl Takes Next Step with Debut of 3D Topography Software Perfect Groove |url=https://makingvinyl.com/hd-vinyl-takes-next-step-with-debut-of-3d-topography-software-perfect-groove/ |access-date=May 14, 2019 |website=Making Vinyl}}</ref> The software provides a map for laser-engraving for HD Vinyl stampers.  The audio engineering software was created with mastering engineers [[Scott Hull (mastering engineer)|Scott Hull]] and [[Darcy Proper]], a four-time Grammy winner. The demonstration offered the first simulations of what HD Vinyl records are likely to sound like, ahead of actual HD vinyl physical record production. Loibl discussed the software "Perfect Groove" at a presentation titled "Vinyl 4.0 The next generation of making records" before offering demonstrations to attendees.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Making Vinyl Europe – Program – Meistersaal, Berlin |url=https://makingvinyl.com/program-berlin-2019/" |access-date=May 14, 2019 |website=Making Vinyl}}</ref>