Editing Paranthropus (section)

===Predators===

The left foot of a ''P. boisei'' specimen (though perhaps actually belonging to ''H. habilis'') from Olduvai Gorge seems to have been bitten off by a crocodile,<ref name=Njau2012>{{cite journal|first1=J. K.|last1=Njau|first2=R. J.|last2=Blumenschine|year=2012|title=Crocodylian and mammalian carnivore feeding traces on hominid fossils from FLK 22 and FLK NN 3, Plio-Pleistocene, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=63|issue=2|pages=408–417|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.008|pmid=21937084|bibcode=2012JHumE..63..408N }}</ref> possibly ''[[Crocodylus anthropophagus]]'',<ref name=Brochu2010>{{cite journal |first1=C. A.|last1=Brochu|first2=J.|last2=Njau|first3=R. J.|last3=Blumenschine|first4=L. D.|last4=Densmore |year=2010 |title=A New Horned Crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e9333 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009333 |pmid=20195356 |pmc=2827537|bibcode=2010PLoSO...5.9333B|doi-access=free}}</ref> and another's leg shows evidence of leopard predation.<ref name=Njau2012/> Other likely Olduvan predators of great apes include the [[hunting hyena]] ''Chasmaporthetes nitidula'', and the [[sabertoothed cat]]s ''[[Dinofelis]]'' and ''[[Megantereon]]''.<ref name=Lee2000/> The carnivore assemblage at the Cradle of Humankind comprises the two sabertooths, and the hyena ''[[Lycyaenops silberbergi]]''.<ref name=Adams/>

Male ''P. robustus'' appear to have had a higher mortality rate than females. It is possible that males were more likely to be kicked out of a group, and these lone males had a higher risk of predation.<ref name=Kaszycka2016/>