Editing Pantheism (section)

==Pantheism in religion==

===Traditional religions===
Many traditional and folk religions, including [[African traditional religions]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Parrinder|first=EG|title=Monotheism and Pantheism in Africa|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|year=1970|volume=3|issue=2|pages=81–88|jstor=1594816|doi=10.1163/157006670x00099}}</ref> and [[Native American religions]],{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=67}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=North American Indians: the spirituality of nature|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/native-americans.htm|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> can be seen as pantheistic or a mixture of pantheism and other worldviews, such as [[polytheism]] and [[animism]]. According to pantheists, there are elements of pantheism in some forms of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=The origins of Christian pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/gospel.htm|work=Pantheist history|publisher=World Pantheists Movement|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Michael W.|title=Christianity and Pantheism|url=http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309032933/http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|archive-date=9 March 2001|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zaleha|first=Bernard|title=Recovering Christian Pantheism as the Lost Gospel of Creation|url=http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|publisher=Fund for Christian Ecology, Inc.|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012801/http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|archive-date=17 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Ideas resembling pantheism existed in [[Eastern religions]] before the 18th century (notably [[Hinduism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]]). Although there is no evidence that these influenced Spinoza's work, there is evidence regarding other contemporary philosophers, such as Leibniz, and later Voltaire.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 1397760|title = Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism|journal = Philosophy East and West|volume = 21|issue = 1|pages = 3–22|last1 = Mungello|first1 = David E|doi = 10.2307/1397760|year = 1971}}</ref><ref>Lan, Feng (2005). ''Ezra Pound and Confucianism: remaking humanism in the face of modernity''. University of Toronto Press. p. 190. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-8941-0}}.</ref> In the case of Hinduism, pantheistic views exist alongside panentheistic, polytheistic, monotheistic, and atheistic ones.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=2}}{{sfn|Fowler|2002|p=15-32}}{{sfn|Long|2011|p=128}} 

===Spirituality and new religious movements===
Pantheism is popular in modern spirituality and [[new religious movement]]s, such as [[Modern paganism|Neopaganism]] and [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]].<ref>Carpenter, Dennis D. (1996). "Emergent Nature Spirituality: An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview". In Lewis, James R., ''Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft''. Albany: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2890-0}}. p. 50.</ref> Two organizations that specify the word pantheism in their title formed in the last quarter of the 20th century. The Universal Pantheist Society, open to all varieties of pantheists and supportive of environmental causes, was founded in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home page|url=http://www.pantheist.net/|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> The [[World Pantheist Movement]] is headed by [[Paul Harrison (pantheist)|Paul Harrison]], an environmentalist, writer and a former vice president of the Universal Pantheist Society, from which he resigned in 1996. The World Pantheist Movement was incorporated in 1999 to focus exclusively on promoting [[naturalistic pantheism]] – a strict [[metaphysical naturalism|metaphysical naturalistic]] version of pantheism,<ref>{{cite web|last=World Pantheist Movement|title=Naturalism and Religion: can there be a naturalistic & scientific spirituality?|url=http://www.pantheism.net/natural.htm|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> considered by some a form of [[religious naturalism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Jerome Arthur|title=Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0791475379|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religiousnatural00ston/page/n25 10]}}</ref> It has been described as an example of "dark green religion" with a focus on [[environmental ethics]].<ref name="Dark Green">Bron Raymond Taylor, "[[Dark Green Religion|Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future]]", University of California Press, 2010, pp. 159–160.</ref>

{{See also|Dark green environmentalism}}