Editing Neo-Nazism (section)

==== Croatia ====
{{See also|Far-right politics in Croatia}}
[[File:Thompson Maksimir 17.6.2007 2.jpg|thumb|right|Young boy wearing a shirt with a [[Black Legion (Ustaše militia)|Black Legion]] sign at a [[Thompson (band)|Thompson]] concert]]
[[File:20130609 Zagreb 041.jpg|thumb|right|Graffiti depicting the U symbol of the [[Ustashe]] during the [[Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia]]]]
Neo-Nazis in [[Croatia]] base their ideology on the writings of [[Ante Pavelić]] and the [[Ustaše]], a [[Fascism|fascist]] anti-Yugoslav separatist movement.<ref>* Yeomans, Rory, "Of "Yugoslav Barbarians" and Croatian Gentlemen Scholars: Nationalist Ideology and Racial Anthropology in Interwar Yugoslavia", in Turda, Marius and Paul Weindling, eds., ''"Blood And Homeland": Eugenics And Racial Nationalism in Central And Southeast Europe, 1900–1940'' Central European University Press, 2006)
* {{cite web |last=Ognyanova |first=Irina |title=Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) |url=https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh367/OgnyanovaArticle.pdf |publisher=Usna.edu |access-date=14 August 2009 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207104245/https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh367/OgnyanovaArticle.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* Jonassohn, Kurt and Karin Solveig Björnson, ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations'' (Transaction Publishers 1998), p. 279</ref> The Ustaše regime committed a [[Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)#Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide]] against [[World War II persecution of Serbs|Serbs]], [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Jews and Roma]]. At the end of [[World War II]], many Ustaše members fled to the West, where they found sanctuary and continued their political and [[terrorism|terrorist]] activities (which were tolerated due to [[Cold War]] hostilities).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jasenovac-info.com/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/pavelic/ap0011.html |publisher=Jasenovac-info.com |title=Headquarters Counter Intelligence Corps Allied Forces Headquarters APO 512, 30 January 1947: Present Whereabouts and Past Background of Ante Pavelic, Croat Quisling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006030523/https://www.jasenovac-info.com/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/pavelic/ap0011.html |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/DGB4V0MCGNFLU49E.pdf |title=The historical link between the Ustasha genocide and the Croato-Serb civil war: 1991-1995 |year=2000 |doi=10.1080/713677614 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415062323if_/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/713677614#.VxCI4Oj7SUk |archive-date=15 April 2016|last1=Mirkovic |first1=Damir |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=363–373 |s2cid=72467680 | issn = 1462-3528}}</ref>

In 1999, Zagreb's [[Square of the Victims of Fascism]] was renamed ''Croatian Nobles Square'', provoking widespread criticism of Croatia's attitude towards the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iwpr.net/report-news/croatias-willingness-tolerate-fascist-legacy-worries-many |title=Croatia's Willingness To Tolerate Fascist Legacy Worries Many |publisher=Iwpr.net |date=1999-09-08 |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116083050/https://iwpr.net/report-news/croatias-willingness-tolerate-fascist-legacy-worries-many |archive-date=16 November 2010}}</ref> In 2000, the [[Zagreb City Council]] again renamed the square into ''Square of the Victims of Fascism''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20001221/novosti1.htm |title=Slobodna Dalmacija, Četvrtak 21. prosinca 2000. – novosti |publisher=Arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=20 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220100153/https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20001221/novosti1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Many streets in Croatia were renamed after the prominent Ustaše figure [[Mile Budak]], which provoked outrage amongst the Serbian minority. Since 2002, there has been a reversal of this development, and streets with the name of Mile Budak or other persons connected with the Ustaše movement are few or non-existent.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3605236.stm |title=Europe &#124; Croatia erases 'fascist' tributes |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-08-27 |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107000052/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3605236.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> A plaque in [[Slunj]] with the inscription "Croatian Knight [[Jure Francetić]]" was erected to commemorate Francetić, the notorious Ustaše leader of the Black Legion. The plaque remained there for four years, until it was removed by the authorities.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ex-yupress.com/nacional/nacional7.html |title=Nacional, Monument to Francetic in Slunj |publisher=Ex-yupress.com |date=2000-06-15 |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003423/https://www.ex-yupress.com/nacional/nacional7.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2003, Croatian [[penal code]] was amended with provisions prohibiting the public display of Nazi symbols, the propagation of Nazi ideology, [[historical revisionism]] and [[holocaust denial]] but the amendments were annulled in 2004 since they were not enacted in accordance with a constitutionally prescribed procedure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=172879|title=Ustavni sud ukinuo izmjene i dopune Kaznenog zakona|website=index.hr|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830181332/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/ustavni-sud-ukinuo-izmjene-i-dopune-kaznenog-zakona/172879.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, since 2006 Croatian penal code explicitly prohibits any type of [[hate crime]] based on [[race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[Human skin color|color]], [[gender]], [[sexual orientation]], religion or national origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeno/2006/1706.htm |title=71 28.6.2006 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Kaznenog zakona |publisher=Nn.hr |date=2006-06-28 |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415062130/https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/127449.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There have been instances of [[hate speech]] in Croatia, such as the use of the phrase {{transliteration|sh|[[Srbe na vrbe!]]}} ("[Hang] Serbs on the [[willow]] trees!").{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} In 2004, an [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia|Orthodox]] church was [[spray painting|spray-painted]] with pro-Ustaše graffiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=279919 |title=Zbog srpskih tablica vandali Mađarima uništili kuću – Vijesti.net |publisher=Index.hr |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185256/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/zbog-srpskih-tablica-vandali-madjarima-unistili-kucu-/279919.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spc.org.yu/Vesti-2004/04/28-4-04-e01.html#usta |title=Information Service of the Serbian Orthodox Church |date=28 April 2004 |website=Serbian Orthodox Church |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010052901/https://www.spc.org.yu/Vesti-2004/04/28-4-04-e01.html |archive-date=10 October 2006}}</ref> During some protests in Croatia, supporters of [[Ante Gotovina]] and other at the time suspected [[war crime|war criminals]] (all acquitted in 2012) have carried [[nationalism|nationalist]] symbols and pictures of Pavelić.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Pretrazivac&WCU=285A285B2863285D2863285A28582858285E2863286328632859285F2859285F2861285828632863286328592863M |title=Da san ima 40 kuna, nosija bi' i ja ustasku kapu |date=18 December 2005 |access-date=16 July 2021 |language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107225003/https://www.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Pretrazivac&WCU=285A285B2863285D2863285A28582858285E2863286328632859285F2859285F2861285828632863286328592863M |archive-date=7 January 2008}}</ref> On 17 May 2007, a concert in Zagreb by [[Thompson (band)|Thompson]], a popular Croatian singer, was attended by 60,000 people, some of them wearing Ustaše uniforms. Some gave Ustaše salutes and shouted the Ustaše slogan "''[[Za dom spremni]]''" ("For the homeland – ready!"). This event prompted the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] to publicly issue a protest to the Croatian president.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mesiću, Zuroff |title=Gnušamo se ustaških simbola na Thompsonovu koncertu |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/clanak/art-2007,6,18,zuroff_mesic,78943.jl |publisher=Jutarnji.hr |language=hr |access-date=14 August 2009 |archive-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109225642/https://www.jutarnji.hr/clanak/art-2007,6,18,zuroff_mesic,78943.jl |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Margelov institut traži opoziv ministra Kirina zbog Thompsonovog koncerta |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/dogadjaji_dana/clanak/art-2007,6,18,mergelov_institut,79015.jl |publisher=jutarnji.hr |language=hr |access-date=14 August 2009 |archive-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109225730/https://www.jutarnji.hr/dogadjaji_dana/clanak/art-2007,6,18,mergelov_institut,79015.jl |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.suntimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=496261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183434/https://www.suntimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=496261 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |title=Nazi hunters slam singer's concert |publisher=Suntimes.co.za |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2009-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lefkovits |first=Etgar |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181813065577&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130619160845/https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181813065577&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-19 |title=Nazi hunter raps 'fascist' Croatian rock concert |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2009-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ejpress.org/article/17594 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625140217/https://www.ejpress.org/article/17594 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2007 |title=Jews slam Croatia's failure to condemn 'Nazi' concert |work=European Jewish Press |date=2007-06-19 |access-date=2009-11-03}}</ref> Cases of displaying Ustashe memorabilia have been recorded at the [[Bleiburg commemoration]] held annually in Austria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/koruski-zupan-skup-u-bleiburgu-treba-zabraniti-1240486|title=Koruški župan: Skup u Bleiburgu treba zabraniti|website=vecernji.hr|access-date=29 May 2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030095646/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/koruski-zupan-skup-u-bleiburgu-treba-zabraniti-1240486|url-status=live}}</ref>