Editing Multiculturalism (section)

===Netherlands===
{{Main|Multiculturalism in the Netherlands}}
[[File:Süleymaniye-moskee1.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Süleymanìye Mosque in [[Tilburg]], built in 2001]]
Multiculturalism in the Netherlands began with major increases in immigration to the Netherlands during the mid-1950s and 1960s.<ref name="Wessendorf2010">{{cite book|author=Susanne Wessendorf|title=The multiculturalism backlash: European discourses, policies and practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUaHVimJkT0C&pg=PA73|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-55649-1|pages=73–75}}</ref> As a consequence, an official national policy of multiculturalism was adopted in the early-1980s.<ref name="Wessendorf2010" /> Different groups could themselves determine religious and cultural matters, while state authorities would handle matters of housing and work policy.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://kjonnsforskning.no/nb/2017/03/norske-likestillingsidealer-gjor-muslimske-kvinner-mer-religiose|title=Likestillingsidealer gjør muslimske kvinner mer religiøse|last=iStockphoto|first=Illustrasjonsfoto|website=Kilden|date=28 March 2017 |language=nb|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

In the 1990s, the public debate were generally optimistic on immigration and the prevailing view was that a multicultural policy would reduce the social economic disparities over time.<ref name=":8" />

This policy subsequently gave way to more assimilationist policies in the 1990s and post-electoral surveys uniformly showed from 1994 onwards that a majority preferred that immigrants assimilated rather than retained the culture of their country of origin.<ref name="Wessendorf2010" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Damhuis|first=Koen|date=2019|title="The biggest problem in the Netherlands": Understanding the Party for Freedom's politicization of Islam|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-biggest-problem-in-the-netherlands-understanding-the-party-for-freedoms-politicization-of-islam/|access-date=28 February 2021|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref>

Following the [[September 11 attacks]] in the United States and the murders of [[Pim Fortuyn]] (in 2002) and [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]] (in 2004), there was increased political debate on the role of multiculturalism in the Netherlands.<ref name=":8" /><ref name="ModoodTriandafyllidou2006">{{cite book|author1=Tariq Modood|author2=Anna Triandafyllidou|author3-link=Ricard Zapata-Barrero|author3=Ricard Zapata-Barrero|title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: a European approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OAAV5eEmy4C&pg=PA27|date=6 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35515-5|page=27|author1-link=Tariq Modood}}</ref>

[[Lord Sacks]], Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, made a distinction between tolerance and multiculturalism, citing the Netherlands as a tolerant, rather than multicultural, society.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12381027 |date=7 February 2011 |title=Multiculturalism: What does it mean? |newspaper=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref> In June 2011, the [[First Rutte cabinet]] said the Netherlands would turn away from multiculturalism: "Dutch culture, norms and values must be dominant" [[Piet Hein Donner|Minister Donner]] said.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elsevier.nl/web/Nieuws/Politiek/300160/Donner-Afscheid-van-multiculturele-samenleving-Nederland.htm |date=16 June 2011 |title=Donner: Afscheid van multiculturele samenleving Nederland |newspaper=[[Elsevier (magazine)|Elsevier]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129202053/http://www.elsevier.nl/web/Nieuws/Politiek/300160/Donner-Afscheid-van-multiculturele-samenleving-Nederland.htm |archive-date=29 November 2011 }}</ref>