Editing Monorail (section)

=== History ===
Inspired by the [[Centennial Monorail]] demonstrated in 1876, in 1877 the [[Bradford and Foster Brook Railway]] began construction of a {{convert|5|mi|km|abbr=on}} line connecting [[Bradford, Pennsylvania|Bradford]] and [[Foster Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania|Foster Township, McKean County]] in [[Pennsylvania]]. The line operated from 1878 until 1879 delivering machinery and oil supplies. The first twin-boiler locomotive wore out quickly. It was replaced by a single boiler locomotive which was too heavy and crashed through the track on its third trip. The third locomotive again had twin boilers. On a trial run one of the boilers ran dry and exploded, killing six people. The railway was closed soon after.

[[File:Monorails in Central Java (2).jpg|thumb|Monorail in the Grobogan area (north of Purwodadi)]]
[[Monorails in Central Java]] were used to transport timber from the forests of Central Java located in the mountains to the rivers. In 1908 and 1909, the forester H. J. L. Beck built a manually operated monorail of limited but sufficient capacity for the transport of small timber and firewood in the Northern Surabaya forest district. In later years, this idea was further developed by L. A. van de Ven, who was a forester in the Grobogan forest district around 1908–1910.<ref name=Lugt>Ch. S. Lugt: ''Het boschbeheer in Nederlandsch-Indië.'' 1933, S. 75–76. Zitiert in: Rob van de Ven Renardel de Lavalette: [http://www.pentalpha.nl/baroe/index.php/diversencxcxc/articles-3 ''De Monorail van Grobogan.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203164254/http://www.pentalpha.nl/baroe/index.php/diversencxcxc/articles-3 |date=2017-12-03 }}</ref><ref>[[:File:Monorails in Central Java (7) Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 16-7-1913.jpg|''Dankbetuiging.'' Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 16 July 1913.]]</ref> Monorails were built by plantation operators and wood processing companies throughout the mountains of Central Java.<ref name="deWit">Augusta de Wit: ''Een bevloeiingswerk''. In: ''Natuur en menschen in Indië'', 1921, page 125. First published in ''Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, Avondblad A,'' 30 November 1911. Referenced in: Rob van de Ven Renardel de Lavalette: [http://www.pentalpha.nl/baroe/index.php/diversencxcxc/articles-3 ''De Monorail van Grobogan.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203164254/http://www.pentalpha.nl/baroe/index.php/diversencxcxc/articles-3 |date=2017-12-03 }}</ref> In 1919/1920, however, the hand-operated monorails gradually disappeared and were replaced by narrow-gauge railways with steam locomotives as forest utilization changed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061334/http://www.ziarahspoor.blogspot.co.at/2012/09/pernah-ada-monorel-hutan-di-jawa.html ''Pernah ada Monorel hutan (forestry monorail) di Jawa.''] Ziarah Spoor, 13 December 2012.</ref>

In the 1920s the [[Port of Hamburg]] used a petrol powered, suspended monorail to transport luggage and freight from ocean-going vessels to a passenger depot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passengers' Luggage Handled Speedily by Monorail Line (Jul, 1929) |url=http://blog.modernmechanix.com/passengers-luggage-handled-speedily-by-monorail-line/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |publisher=Modern Mechanics |date=July 1929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811010727/http://blog.modernmechanix.com/passengers-luggage-handled-speedily-by-monorail-line/ |archive-date=2014-08-11}}</ref>

In the northern [[Mojave Desert]], the [[Epsom Salts Monorail]] was built in 1924. It ran for 28 miles from a connection on the [[Trona Railway]], eastward to harvest [[epsomite]] deposits in the [[Owlshead Mountains]]. This Lartigue type monorail achieved [[gradient]]s of up to ten percent. It only operated until June 1926, when the mineral deposits become uneconomic, and was dismantled for scrap in the late 1930s.<ref>{{cite web| first=Richard H.| last=Jahns| url=http://www.dzwirner.ch/resources/Eisenbahn/Monorail/Epsom.pdf| title=The Epsom Salts Line - Monorail to Nowhere| access-date=2018-12-03| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725224159/http://www.dzwirner.ch/resources/Eisenbahn/Monorail/Epsom.pdf| archive-date=2015-07-25| url-status=dead}} (Republished in ''[[Trains (magazine)|Trains and Travel]]'', October 1951)</ref>

In the [[Soviet Union]] the Lyskovsky monorail in the [[Nizhny Novgorod]] region was designed by the engineer of the timber industry Ivan Gorodtsov. A Lartigue type line of about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} long was opened in November 1934 to connect the village of Selskaya Maza with the villages of Bakaldy and Yaloksha to carry timber. Following this example a separate {{convert|42|km|mi}} cargo-and-passenger monorail was built from the town of Bor to the village of Zavrazhnoe, where forest and peat were exploited. The Lyskovsky monorail stopped operating in 1949.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<!-- <ref>{{cite web |title=ЗА ДАЛЕКОЙ ЗА НАРВСКОЙ ЗАСТАВОЙ |url=http://izmerov.narod.ru/monor/monor2.html |access-date=2021-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305050321/http://izmerov.narod.ru/monor/monor2.html |archive-date=2021-05-03}}</ref> -->

The British firm ''Road Machines (Drayton) Ltd'' developed a modular-track ground-level monorail system with a {{convert|9|in|mm|abbr=on}} high rail segments, {{convert|4 to 12|ft|m|abbr=on}} long, running between support plates. The first system was sold in 1949 and it was used in industrial, construction and agricultural applications around the world. The company ceased trading in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |title=AN INDUSTRIAL MONORAIL |url=https://www.irsociety.co.uk/Archives/16/Monorail.htm |publisher=The Industrial Railway Society |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> The system was adapted for the use in the 1967 James Bond film ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]''. An example of the system exists at the [[Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre]] in Britain.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tiny Monorails That Once Carried James Bond |website = [[YouTube]]| date=21 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Irv3KJR6B80 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211111/Irv3KJR6B80| archive-date=2021-11-11 | url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>