Editing Modern paganism (section)

==Religious paths and movements==
{{Further|List of neopagan movements}}

===Reconstructionist===
[[File:Svetoary community celebrating Mokosh 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The community of the [[Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities]] celebrating [[Mokosh]]]]
{{Main|Polytheistic reconstructionism}}

In contrast to the eclectic traditions, [[Polytheistic Reconstructionism|Polytheistic Reconstructionists]] practice culturally specific ethnic traditions based on folklore, songs and prayers, as well as reconstructions from the historical record. [[Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism|Hellenic]], [[Roman polytheistic reconstructionism|Roman]], [[Kemetism|Kemetic]], [[Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism|Celtic]], [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Germanic]], [[Church of the Guanche People|Guanche]], [[Baltic Neopaganism|Baltic]] and [[Slavic neopaganism|Slavic]] reconstructionists aim to preserve and revive the practices and beliefs of [[Religion in ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]], [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Ancient Egypt]], the [[Celtic polytheism|Celts]], the [[Germanic Paganism|Germanic peoples]], the [[Guanches|Guanche]] people, the [[Baltic mythology|Balts]] and the [[Slavic mythology|Slavs]], respectively.<ref>Davy, Barbara Jane (2007) "Introduction to pagan studies". Rowman Altamira {{ISBN|0-7591-0818-8}}. p.97: "Some pagans embrace the idea of a pan-European Celtic culture, but some practice regionally specific reconstructionist traditions."</ref><ref>McColman, Carl (2003) ''Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom''. Alpha Press {{ISBN|0-02-864417-4}}. p.12: "Some groups have gone even further, trying to use archaeology, religious history, [[comparative mythology]], and even the study of non-Celtic [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] religions in an effort to create a well-researched and scholarly 'reconstruction' of the ancient Celts."</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = Eugene V. | last2 = Ashcraft | first2 = W. Michael | title = Introduction to new and alternative religions in America | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00gall | url-access = limited | year = 2006 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn. | isbn = 978-0-275-98713-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00gall/page/n194 178]}}</ref>

====Germanic====
{{Main|Heathenry (new religious movement)}}
[[File:Nordiska gudabilder vid julgille.jpg|thumb|A Heathen altar for household worship in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden]]

Heathenism, also known as Germanic neopaganism, refers to a series of contemporary pagan traditions based on the historical religions, culture and literature of Germanic-speaking Europe. Heathenry is spread out across northwestern Europe, North America and Australasia, where the descendants of historic Germanic-speaking people now live.{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=53}}

Many Heathen groups adopt variants of [[Norse mythology]] as a basis for their beliefs, conceiving of the Earth as on the great world tree [[Yggdrasil]]. Heathens believe in multiple polytheistic deities adopted from historical Germanic mythologies. Most are polytheistic realists, believing that the deities are real entities, while others view them as [[Jungian archetypes]].{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=54-58}}

====Celtic====
{{main|Celtic neopaganism}}

====Slavic====
{{main|Slavic Native Faith}} 
[[Slavic paganism|Slavic]] neo-paganism, or Slavic nativism, is a reconstruction of the pre-Christian pagan beliefs of the ancient Slavs, a return to the worship of [[Perun]], [[Veles (god)|Veles]], Makosh, etc. based on some historical information and one's own ideas, with borrowings from the teachings and rituals of polytheistic beliefs of other peoples and the occult.

====Uralic====
{{main|Uralic neopaganism}}

====Baltic====
{{main|Baltic neopaganism}}

====Greek====
{{main|Hellenism (modern religion)}}

====Roman====
{{main|Reconstructionist Roman religion}}

==== Kemetic ====
{{main|Kemetism}}

====Semitic====
{{Main|Semitic neopaganism}}

Beit Asherah (the house of the Goddess [[Asherah]]) was one of the first modern pagan synagogues, founded in the early 1990s by Stephanie Fox, Steven Posch, and Magenta Griffiths (Lady Magenta). Magenta Griffiths is High Priestess of the Beit Asherah coven, and a former board member of the [[Covenant of the Goddess]].{{Sfn|Lewis|2000|p=162}}

====Armenian====
{{main|Hetanism}}

====Chuvash====
{{main|Vattisen Yaly}}

The [[Chuvash people]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group native to an area stretching from the [[Volga Region]] to [[Siberia]], have experienced a pagan revival since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Chuvash culture"/> While potentially considered a peculiar form of [[Tengrism]], a related revivalist movement of Central Asian traditional religion, [[Vattisen Yaly]] ({{langx|cv|Ваттисен йӑли}}, ''Tradition of the Old'') differs significantly: the Chuvash being a heavily [[Finnic peoples|Fennicised]] and [[Slavic peoples|Slavified]] ethnicity and having had exchanges also with other [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ethnicities,<ref name="Stetsyuk">Valentin Stetsyuk. ''Introduction to the Study of Prehistoric Ethnogenic Processes in Eastern Europe and Asia, The Turkic Tribe Bulgar in Eastern Europe''. Lviv, Ukraine.</ref> their religion shows many similarities with Finnic and Slavic paganisms; moreover, the revival of Vattisen Yaly in recent decades has occurred following modern pagan patterns.<ref name="Filatov">Sergei Filatov, Aleksandr Shchipkov. ''Religious Developments among the Volga Nations as a Model for the Russian Federation''. Religion, State & Society, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1995. pp. 239–243</ref> Today the followers of the Chuvash Traditional Religion are called "the true Chuvash".<ref name="Chuvash culture">''[http://www.chuvashculture.org/node/42 Chuvash faith and beliefs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815034949/http://www.chuvashculture.org/node/42 |date=15 August 2009 }}''. Chuvash Culture Portal.</ref> Their main god is Tura, a deity comparable to the Estonian [[Tharapita|Taara]], the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Thor|Thunraz]] and the pan-Turkic [[Tengri]].<ref name="Stetsyuk"/>

===Eclectic===
====Wicca====
{{Main|Wicca}}

[[File:Mabon-Fall Equinox 2015 Altar by the Salt Lake Pagan Society, Salt Lake City, UT.jpg|thumb|right|Mabon–fall equinox 2015 altar by the Salt Lake Pagan Society of Salt Lake City, Utah. Displayed are seasonal decorations, altar tools, elemental candles, flowers, deity statues, cookies and juice offerings, and a nude Gods painting of Thor, the Green Man, and Cernunnos dancing around a Mabon Fire.]]

Wicca is the largest form of modern paganism,{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=47}} as well as the best-known{{sfnm|1a1=Strmiska|1y=2005|1p=2|2a1=Rountree|2y=2015|2p=4}} and most extensively studied.{{sfn|Strmiska|2005|p=2}}

Religious studies scholar Graham Harvey noted that the poem "[[Charge of the Goddess]]" remains central to the liturgy of most Wiccan groups. Originally written by Wiccan High Priestess [[Doreen Valiente]] in the mid-1950s, the poem allows Wiccans to gain wisdom and experience deity in "the ordinary things in life."{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|pp=36–37}}

Historian [[Ronald Hutton]] identified a wide variety of different sources that influenced Wicca's development, including [[ceremonial magic]], folk magic, Romanticist literature, [[Freemasonry]], and the [[Witch-cult hypothesis|witch-cult theory]] of English archaeologist [[Margaret Murray]].{{Sfn|Hutton|1999}} English esotericist [[Gerald Gardner (Wiccan)|Gerald Gardner]] was at the forefront of the burgeoning Wiccan movement. He claimed to have been initiated by the [[New Forest coven]] in 1939, and that the religion he discovered was a survival of the pagan witch-cult described in Murray's theory. Various forms of Wicca have since evolved or been adapted from Gardner's British Traditional Wicca or [[Gardnerian Wicca]], such as [[Alexandrian Wicca]]. Other forms loosely based on Gardner's teachings are [[Faery Wicca]], [[Kemetic Wicca]], [[Judeo-paganism]] or jewitchery, and [[Dianic Wicca]] or feminist Wicca, which emphasizes the divine feminine, often creating women-only or lesbian-only groups.{{sfn|Telesco|2005|p=114}} In the academic community Wicca has also been interpreted as having close affinities with [[process philosophy]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Hidden Circles in the Web: Feminist Wicca, Occult Knowledge, and Process Thought|last = Wise|first = Constance|publisher = Rowman Altamira|year = 2008}}</ref>

In the 1990s, Wiccan beliefs and practices were used as a partial basis for a number of US films and television series, such as ''[[The Craft (film)|The Craft]]'', ''[[Charmed]]'' and ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', leading to a surge in teenagers' and young adults' interest and involvement in the religion.{{Sfn|Berger|Ezzy|2007}}{{Sfn|Johnston|Aloi|2007}}

====Goddess movement====
{{Main|Goddess movement}}
{{Further|Matriarchal religion}}

Goddess spirituality, which is also known as the [[Goddess movement]], is a pagan religion in which a singular, monotheistic Goddess is given predominance. Goddess Spirituality revolves around the sacredness of the female form, and of aspects of women's lives that adherents say have been traditionally neglected in Western society, such as menstruation, sexuality, and maternity.{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=70}}

The Goddess movement draws some of its inspiration from the work of archaeologists such as [[Marija Gimbutas]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, 6500-3500 B.C.: Myths and Cult Images |publisher=University of California Press |date=1982 |orig-year=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC |isbn=978-0-5202-5398-8 |access-date=2015-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC |archive-date=2016-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |title=The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization |publisher=Thames & Hudson |date=2001 |orig-year=1989 |isbn=978-0-5002-8249-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |title=The Civilisation of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe |publisher=Harper San Francisco |date=1993 |orig-year=1991 |isbn=9780062508041 |oclc=924859108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Catal-huyuk. A Neolithic Town In Anatolia |last=Mellaart |first=James |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |date=1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia |access-date=2015-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411154925/https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia |archive-date=2016-04-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> whose interpretation of artifacts excavated from "[[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]]" points to societies of [[Neolithic Europe]] that were matristic or goddess-centered worshipping a female deity of three primary aspects,<ref name="Hayden 1987">{{cite book |author-last=Hayden |author-first=Brian |year=1987 |chapter=Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qY973Ah43qoC&pg=PA17 |editor-last=Bonanno |editor-first=Anthony |title=Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Malta, 2–5 September 1985 |location=[[Amsterdam]] |publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company|B. R. Grüner]] |pages=17–30 |isbn=9789060322888}}</ref> which has inspired some modern pagan worshippers of the [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Triple Goddess]].

Adherents of the Goddess Spirituality movement typically envision a history of the world that is different from traditional narratives about the past, emphasising the role of women rather than that of men. According to this view, [[human society]] was formerly a [[matriarchy]], with communities being egalitarian, pacifistic, and focused on the worship of the [[Mother goddess]],<ref name="Hayden 1987"/> which was subsequently overthrown by violent and warlike [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] hordes – usually [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] [[pastoralists]] who worshipped male [[Sky deity|sky-gods]],<ref name="Hayden 1987"/> and continued to rule through the form of [[Abrahamic religions]], specifically Christianity in the West. Adherents look for elements of this human history in "theological, anthropological, archaeological, historical, folkloric and hagiographic writings."{{Sfn|Harvey|2007|p=73-75}}

====Druidry====
{{Main|Druidry (modern)}}

Druidry shows similar heterogeneity as Wicca. It draws inspirations from historical [[Druids]], the priest caste of the ancient pagan [[Celts]]. Druidry dates to the earliest forms of modern paganism: the [[Ancient Order of Druids]] founded in 1781 had many aspects of [[freemasonry]], and has practiced rituals at [[Stonehenge]] since 1905. [[George Watson MacGregor Reid]] founded [[the Druid Order]] in its current form in 1909. In 1964 [[Ross Nichols]] established the [[Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]]. In the United States, the Ancient Order of Druids in America (AODA) was established in 1912, the [[Reformed Druids of North America]] (RDNA) in 1963, and [[Ár nDraíocht Féin]] (ADF) in 1983 by [[Isaac Bonewits]].{{sfn|Bonewits|2006|p=77}}

====Eco-paganism and Unitarian Universalism====
{{See also|Environmentalism|Syncretism}}

Eco-paganism and Eco-magic, which are offshoots of [[direct action]] environmental groups, strongly emphasize [[fairy]] imagery and a belief in the possibility of intercession by the fae (fairies, [[pixie (folklore)|pixies]], [[gnome]]s, [[elf|elves]], and other spirits of nature and the [[Other World|Otherworlds]]).<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260829 | jstor=1260829 | title=The Scouring of the Shire: Fairies, Trolls and Pixies in Eco-Protest Culture | last1=Letcher | first1=Andy | journal=Folklore | date=2001 | volume=112 | issue=2 | pages=147–161 | doi=10.1080/00155870120082209 | s2cid=143498299 | access-date=8 January 2020 | archive-date=7 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607004215/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260829 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Some [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]] are eclectic pagans. Unitarian Universalists look for spiritual inspiration in a wide variety of religious beliefs. The [[Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans]], or CUUPs, encourages its chapters to "use practices familiar to members who attend for worship services but not to follow only one tradition of paganism."<ref name="CUUPS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cuups.org/content/chapters/chapter.html |title=Official Website of CUUPS |access-date=18 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617042431/http://cuups.org/content/chapters/chapter.html#how |archive-date=17 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Occultism and ethnic mysticism====
In 1925, the Czech esotericist Franz Sättler founded the pagan religion [[Adonism]], devoted to the ancient Greek god [[Adonis]], whom Sättler equated with the Christian Satan, and which purported that the end of the world would come in 2000. Adonism largely died out in the 1930s, but remained an influence on the German occult scene.{{Sfn|Hakl|2010}}