Editing Mechanical engineering (section)

===Biomechanics===
{{main|Biomechanics}}

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to biological systems, such as [[human]]s, [[animal]]s, [[plant]]s, [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]], and [[Cell (biology)|cells]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.016 |title=Mechanics of animal movement|year=2005 |last1=Alexander |first1=R. Mcneill |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=16 |pages=R616–R619 |pmid=16111929 |s2cid=14032136 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Biomechanics also aids in creating prosthetic limbs and artificial organs for humans.<ref>Phoengsongkhro, S., Tangpornprasert, P., Yotnuengnit, P. et al. Development of four-bar polycentric knee joint with stance-phase knee flexion. Sci Rep 13, 22809 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49879-4</ref> Biomechanics is closely related to [[engineering]], because it often uses traditional engineering sciences to analyze biological systems. Some simple applications of [[Classical mechanics|Newtonian mechanics]] and/or [[materials science]]s can supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many biological systems.

In the past decade, reverse engineering of materials found in nature such as bone matter has gained funding in academia. The structure of bone matter is optimized for its purpose of bearing a large amount of compressive stress per unit weight.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tensile strength of bone along and across the grain|journal= Journal of Applied Physiology|volume= 16|issue= 2|pages= 355–360|last=Dempster|first=Coleman|date=15 August 1960|doi=10.1152/jappl.1961.16.2.355|pmid= 13721810}}</ref> The goal is to replace crude steel with bio-material for structural design.

Over the past decade the [[Finite element method]] (FEM) has also entered the Biomedical sector highlighting further engineering aspects of Biomechanics. FEM has since then established itself as an alternative to [[in vivo]] surgical assessment and gained the wide acceptance of academia. The main advantage of Computational Biomechanics lies in its ability to determine the endo-anatomical response of an anatomy, without being subject to ethical restrictions.<ref>Tsouknidas, A., Savvakis, S., Asaniotis, Y., Anagnostidis, K., Lontos, A., Michailidis, N. (2013) The effect of kyphoplasty parameters on the dynamic load transfer within the lumbar spine considering the response of a bio-realistic spine segment. Clinical Biomechanics 28 (9–10), pp. 949–955.</ref> This has led FE modelling to the point of becoming ubiquitous in several fields of Biomechanics while several projects have even adopted an open source philosophy (e.g. BioSpine).