Editing Mathematics (section)

==== Biology and chemistry ====
{{Main|Mathematical and theoretical biology|Mathematical chemistry}}
[[File:Giant Pufferfish skin pattern detail.jpg|thumb|The skin of this [[giant pufferfish]] exhibits a [[Turing pattern]], which can be modeled by [[reaction–diffusion system]]s.]]
[[Biology]] uses probability extensively in fields such as ecology or [[neurobiology]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Millstein |first=Roberta |author-link=Roberta Millstein |title=The Oxford Handbook of Probability and Philosophy |date=September 8, 2016 |editor-last=Hájek |editor-first=Alan |pages=601–622 |chapter=Probability in Biology: The Case of Fitness |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.27 |editor-last2=Hitchcock |editor-first2=Christopher |chapter-url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/10901/1/Millstein-fitness-v2.pdf |access-date=December 29, 2022 |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307054456/http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/10901/1/Millstein-fitness-v2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>  Most discussion of probability centers on the concept of [[evolutionary fitness]].<ref name=":2" /> Ecology heavily uses modeling to simulate [[population dynamics]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>See for example Anne Laurent, Roland Gamet, Jérôme Pantel, ''Tendances nouvelles en modélisation pour l'environnement, actes du congrès «Programme environnement, vie et sociétés»'' 15–17 janvier 1996, CNRS</ref> study ecosystems such as the predator-prey model, measure pollution diffusion,{{Sfn|Bouleau|1999|pp=282–283}} or to assess climate change.{{Sfn|Bouleau|1999|p=285}} The dynamics of a population can be modeled by coupled differential equations, such as the [[Lotka–Volterra equations]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2022 |title=1.4: The Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model |url=https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Mathematics/Mathematical_Biology_(Chasnov)/01%3A_Population_Dynamics/1.04%3A_The_Lotka-Volterra_Predator-Prey_Model |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Mathematics LibreTexts |language=en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229204111/https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Mathematics/Mathematical_Biology_(Chasnov)/01:_Population_Dynamics/1.04:_The_Lotka-Volterra_Predator-Prey_Model |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Statistical hypothesis testing]], is run on data from [[clinical trial]]s to determine whether a new treatment works.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salsburg |first=David |date=August 17, 1992 |title=Commentary |url=https://www.dfcm.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/inline-files/salsburg_1.pdf |journal=The Use of Statistical Methods in the Analysis of Clinical Studies |volume=46 |pages=17 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601211523/https://www.dfcm.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/inline-files/salsburg_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the start of the 20th century, chemistry has used computing to model molecules in three dimensions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10633/chapter/8 |title=Beyond the Molecular Frontier: Challenges for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering |publisher=NAP.edu |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-309-16839-7 |pages=71–73 |language=en |chapter=8 |doi=10.17226/10633|pmid=25032300 |author=National Research Council |author-link=National Research Council (United States) }}</ref>