Editing Materialism (section)

====Varieties of idealism====
Arguments for [[idealism]], such as those of [[Hegel]] and [[George Berkeley|Berkeley]], often take the form of an argument against materialism; indeed, Berkeley's idealism was called ''[[immaterialism]]''. Now, matter can be argued to be redundant, as in [[bundle theory]], and mind-independent properties can, in turn, be reduced to subjective [[percept]]s. Berkeley gives an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, matter's existence can only be inferred from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Having an Idea of Matter: A Peircean Refutation of Berkeleyan Immaterialism|last=de Waal|first=Cornelis|author-link=Cornelis de Waal|journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]|date=April 2006|volume=67|issue=2|pages=292–293, 302–303|jstor=30141879}}</ref>

If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, [[dualism (philosophy of mind)|dualism]] results. [[Emergence]], [[holism]] and [[process philosophy]] seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially [[mechanism (philosophy)|mechanistic]]) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}