Editing Marine biology (section)

== History ==
{{main|History of marine biology}}
[[File:Scyliorhinus retifer embryo.JPG|thumb|left|[[Aristotle's biology|Aristotle]] recorded that the [[embryo]] of [[Mustelus canis|<!--a different species shown-->a dogfish]] was attached by a cord to a kind of placenta (the [[yolk sac]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Leroi, Armand Marie|title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science|title-link=Aristotle's Lagoon|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4088-3622-4|pages=72–74|author-link=Armand Marie Leroi}}</ref>]]

The study of marine biology dates to [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC), who made [[Aristotle's biology#Empirical research|many observations of life in the sea]] around [[Lesbos]], laying the foundation for many future discoveries.<ref>"History of the Study of Marine Biology - MarineBio.org". MarineBio Conservation Society. Web. Monday, March 31, 2014. <http://marinebio.org/oceans/history-of-marine-biology.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140303174702/http://www.marinebio.org/oceans/history-of-marine-biology.asp|date=2014-03-03}}></ref> In 1768, [[Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin]] (1744–1774) published the ''Historia Fucorum'', the first work dedicated to marine [[algae]] and the first book on marine biology to use the new [[binomial nomenclature]] of [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]. It included elaborate illustrations of seaweed and marine algae on folded leaves.<ref>Gmelin S G (1768) [https://books.google.com/books?id=YUAAAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Historia+Fucorum%22 ''Historia Fucorum''] Ex typographia Academiae scientiarum, St. Petersburg.</ref><ref>Silva PC, Basson PW and Moe RL (1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuWEemVY8WEC&dq=%22Historia+Fucorum%22+binomial+nomenclature&pg=PA2 ''Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405201157/https://books.google.com/books?id=vuWEemVY8WEC&dq=%22Historia+Fucorum%22+binomial+nomenclature&pg=PA2 |date=2023-04-05 }} page 2, University of California Press. {{ISBN|9780520915817}}.</ref> The British naturalist [[Edward Forbes]] (1815–1854) is generally regarded as the founder of the science of marine biology.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Marine Biology and Oceanography|url=http://www.meer.org/ebook/mbhist.htm|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803202907/http://www.meer.org/ebook/mbhist.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The pace of oceanographic and marine biology studies quickly accelerated during the course of the 19th century.

[[File:Challenger.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|{{HMS|Challenger|1858|6}} during its [[Challenger expedition|pioneer expedition]] of 1872–1876}}]]

The observations made in the first studies of marine biology fueled the [[Age of Discovery]] and exploration that followed. During this time, a vast amount of knowledge was gained about the life that exists in the oceans of the world. Many voyages contributed significantly to this pool of knowledge. Among the most significant were the voyages of {{HMS|Beagle}} where [[Charles Darwin]] came up with his theories of [[evolution]] and on the formation of [[coral reefs]].<ref>Ward, Ritchie R. Into the ocean world; the biology of the sea. 1st ed. New York: Knopf; [distributed by Random House], 1974: 161</ref> Another important expedition was undertaken by [[HMS Challenger (1858)|HMS ''Challenger'']], where findings were made of unexpectedly high [[species diversity]] among [[fauna]] stimulating much theorizing by population ecologists on how such varieties of life could be maintained in what was thought to be such a hostile environment.<ref>Gage, John D., and Paul A. Tyler. Deep-sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991: 1</ref> This era was important for the history of marine biology but naturalists were still limited in their studies because they lacked technology that would allow them to adequately examine species that lived in deep parts of the oceans.

The creation of marine laboratories was important because it allowed marine biologists to conduct research and process their specimens from expeditions. The oldest marine laboratory in the world, [[Station biologique de Roscoff]], was established in Concarneau, France founded by the College of France in 1859.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-17|title=A History Of The Study Of Marine Biology ~ MarineBio Conservation Society|url=https://www.marinebio.org/creatures/marine-biology/history-of-marine-biology/|access-date=2022-02-17|language=en-US}}</ref> In the United States, the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] dates back to 1903, while the prominent [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute]] was founded in 1930.<ref>Maienschein, Jane. 100 years exploring life, 1888-1988: the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1989: 189-192</ref> The development of technology such as [[Sonar|sound navigation and ranging]], [[scuba diving]] gear, [[submersible]]s and [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|remotely operated vehicles]] allowed marine biologists to discover and explore life in deep oceans that was once thought to not exist.<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Genny|title=Beginnings: History of Marine Science|url=http://marinebio.net/marinescience/01intro/behist.htm|access-date=2014-04-08|archive-date=2012-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220034255/http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/01intro/behist.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Public interest in the subject continued to develop in the post-war years with the publication of [[Rachel Carson]]'s sea trilogy (1941–1955).

In 1960, the [[bathyscaphe]] [[Trieste (bathyscaphe)|Trieste]] descended the furthest point man had yet traveled, bottoming [[Challenger Deep|Challenger's Deep]] at 35,797 feet.<ref name=":0" /> The vessel was captained by [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[Don Walsh]], whose discoveries while at the bottom of the ocean bolstered scientific discussion and interest about life in the hadal zone.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
{{Further|Sonic characteristics of marine species}}