Editing Manatee (section)

====Ship strikes====
Their slow-moving, curious nature, coupled with dense coastal development, has led to many violent collisions with propeller-driven boats and ships, leading frequently to maiming, disfigurement, and even death. As a result, a large proportion of manatees exhibit spiral cutting propeller scars on their backs, usually caused by larger vessels that do not have [[skeg]]s in front of the propellers like the smaller outboard and inboard-outboard recreational boats have. They are now even identified by humans based on their scar patterns. Many manatees have been cut in two by large vessels like ships and tug boats, even in the highly populated lower St. Johns River's narrow channels. Some are concerned that the current situation is inhumane, with upwards of 50 scars and disfigurements from vessel strikes on a single manatee.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007102448/http://www.cdnn.info/news/eco/e060111.html Florida boaters killing endangered manatees]. Cyber Diver News Network. 11 January 2006</ref> Often, the lacerations lead to infections, which can prove fatal. Internal injuries stemming from being trapped between hulls and docks and impacts have also been fatal. Recent testing{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} shows that manatees may be able to hear speed boats and other watercraft approaching, due to the frequency the boat makes. However, a manatee may not be able to hear the approaching boats when they are performing day-to-day activities or distractions. The manatee has a tested frequency range of 8 to 32 kilohertz.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1242/jeb.065649|title = Audiogram and auditory critical ratios of two Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)|year = 2012|last1 = Gaspard|first1 = Joseph C.|last2 = Bauer|first2 = Gordon B.|last3 = Reep|first3 = Roger L.|last4 = Dziuk|first4 = Kimberly|last5 = Cardwell|first5 = Adrienne|last6 = Read|first6 = Latoshia|last7 = Mann|first7 = David A.|journal = Journal of Experimental Biology|volume = 215|issue = 9|pages = 1442–1447|pmid = 22496279|s2cid = 11725126|doi-access = free| bibcode=2012JExpB.215.1442G }}</ref>

Manatees hear on a higher frequency than would be expected for such large marine mammals. Many large boats emit very low frequencies, which confuse the manatee and explain their lack of awareness around boats. The [[Lloyd's mirror#Underwater acoustics|Lloyd's mirror]] effect results in low frequency propeller sounds not being discernible near the surface, where most accidents occur. Research indicates that when a boat has a higher frequency the manatees rapidly swim away from danger.<ref>[http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/19990629210228data_trunc_sys.shtml Manatees hard of hearing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928150106/http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/19990629210228data_trunc_sys.shtml |date=2011-09-28 }}. Scienceagogo.com (1999-07-30). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref>

In 2003, a population model was released by the [[United States Geological Survey]] that predicted an extremely grave situation confronting the manatee in both the Southwest and Atlantic regions where the vast majority of manatees are found. It states,
{{blockquote|In the absence of any new management action, that is, if boat mortality rates continue to increase at the rates observed since 1992, the situation in the Atlantic and Southwest regions is dire, with no chance of meeting recovery criteria within 100 years.<ref>[http://www.savethemanatee.org/newsprpopulationmodel.htm Long Term Prospects for Manatee Recovery Look Grim, According To New Data Released By Federal Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712180614/http://www.savethemanatee.org/newsprpopulationmodel.htm |date=2007-07-12 }}. Savethemanatee.org (2003-04-29). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref> "Hurricanes, cold stress, red tide poisoning and a variety of other maladies threaten manatees, but by far their greatest danger is from watercraft strikes, which account for about a quarter of Florida manatee deaths," said study curator John Jett.<ref name=uf>[http://news.ufl.edu/2007/07/03/manatee-3/ ufl.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612180925/http://news.ufl.edu/2007/07/03/manatee-3/ |date=2010-06-12 }}. News.ufl.edu (2007-07-03). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</ref>|author=|title=|source=}}

[[File:Manatee bearing scars on back from boat propeller.jpg|thumb|Manatee bearing scars on its back from a boat propeller.]]

According to marine mammal [[veterinarian]]s:

{{Blockquote|The severity of mutilations for some of these individuals can be astounding – including long term survivors with completely severed tails, major tail mutilations, and multiple disfiguring dorsal lacerations. These injuries not only cause gruesome wounds, but may also impact population processes by reducing calf production (and survival) in wounded females – observations also speak to the likely pain and suffering endured.<ref name=GulDie/> In an example, they cited one case study of a small calf "with a severe dorsal mutilation trailing a decomposing piece of dermis and muscle as it continued to accompany and nurse from its mother&nbsp;... by age 2 its dorsum was grossly deformed and included a large protruding rib fragment visible."<ref name=GulDie/>}}

These veterinarians go on to state:
{{blockquote|[T]he overwhelming documentation of gruesome wounding of manatees leaves no room for denial. Minimization of this injury is ''explicit'' in the Recovery Plan, several state statutes, and federal laws, and ''implicit'' in our society's ethical and moral standards.<ref name=GulDie/>}}

One quarter of annual manatee deaths in Florida are caused by boat collisions with manatees.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Conserving Manatees: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions of Boaters in Tampa Bay, Florida|url = https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01452.x|journal = Conservation Biology|year = 2003|doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01452.x|last1 = Aipanjiguly|first1 = Sampreethi|last2 = Jacobson|first2 = Susan K.|last3 = Flamm|first3 = Richard|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 1098–1105| bibcode=2003ConBi..17.1098A |s2cid = 86770081|access-date = 2021-11-26|archive-date = 2021-11-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126224246/https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01452.x|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2009, of the 429 Florida manatees recorded dead, 97 were killed by commercial and recreational vessels, which broke the earlier record number of 95 set in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/mortality-statistics/|title=Manatee Mortality Statistics|publisher=Fish and Wildlife Research Institute|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401085515/http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/mortality-statistics|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title        = Manatee Deaths From Boat Strikes Approach Record: Club Asks For Boaters' Urgent Help
 |publisher    = Save the Manatee Club
 |access-date   = 1 May 2010
 |url          = http://www.savethemanatee.org/news_oped_mortality_12-09.html
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110208183450/http://savethemanatee.org/news_oped_mortality_12-09.html
 |archive-date = 2011-02-08
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref>