Editing Major depressive disorder (section)

===Other===
[[Transcranial magnetic stimulation]] (TMS) or [[deep transcranial magnetic stimulation]] is a noninvasive method used to stimulate small regions of the brain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg477/resources/guidance-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-for-treating-and-preventing-migraine-pdf |title=NiCE. January 2014 Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating and preventing migraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004194631/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg477/resources/guidance-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-for-treating-and-preventing-migraine-pdf |archive-date=4 October 2015 }}</ref> TMS was approved by the FDA for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (trMDD) in 2008.<ref name="g379" /> Recent systematic reviews have found that the effects of TMS on clinical response, remission, and severity in depression appear not to be statistically or clinically significant.<ref>{{cite web | title=Stimulation magnétique transcrânienne dans le traitement de la dépression de l'adulte | website={{interlanguage link|Haute Autorité de Santé|fr}} | date=25 July 2022 | url=https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3211966/fr/stimulation-magnetique-transcranienne-dans-le-traitement-de-la-depression-de-l-adulte | access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors= Brini S, Brudasca NI, Hodkinson A, Kaluzinska K, Wach A, Storman D, Prokop-Dorner A, Jemioło P, Bala MM | title=Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating major depressive disorder: An umbrella review and re-analysis of published meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 100 | pages = 102236 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36587461 | doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102236 | doi-access=free}}</ref> The American Psychiatric Association,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2010 |veditors=Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, Rosenbaum JF, Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Van Rhoads RS |title=Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder |edition=3rd }}</ref> the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Disorders,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Parikh SV, Patten SB, Ravindran AV | title=Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults | journal=Journal of Affective Disorders | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=117 | issue=Suppl 1 | year=2009 | issn=0165-0327 | doi=10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.043 | pages=S1–S64 | pmid=19682750 | url=http://www.canmat.org/resources/CANMAT%20Depression%20Guidelines%202009.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823230409/http://www.canmat.org/resources/canmat%20depression%20guidelines%202009.pdf | archive-date=23 August 2015 }}</ref> and the Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists have endorsed TMS for trMDD.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rush AJ, Marangell LB, Sackeim HA, et al |title=Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=347–54 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16139580 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.025|s2cid=22066326 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=veterans }}</ref> [[Transcranial direct current stimulation]] (tDCS) is another noninvasive method used to stimulate small regions of the brain with a weak electric current. Several meta-analyses have concluded that active tDCS was useful for treating depression.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fregni F, El-Hagrassy MM, Pacheco-Barrios K, et al |title=Evidence-Based Guidelines and Secondary Meta-Analysis for the Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders |journal=Int J Neuropsychopharmacol |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=256–313 |date=April 2021 |pmid=32710772 |pmc=8059493 |doi=10.1093/ijnp/pyaa051 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moffa AH, Martin D, Alonzo A, et al | title = Efficacy and acceptability of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for major depressive disorder: An individual patient data meta-analysis | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 99 | page = 109836 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 31837388 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109836 | s2cid = 209373871 | hdl = 1959.4/unsworks_81424 | url = https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/967e9af1-ae7e-4a90-98f0-7f943f35d83b/download | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

There is a small amount of evidence that [[sleep deprivation]] may improve depressive symptoms in some individuals,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ioannou M, Wartenberg C, Greenbrook JT, et al |title=Sleep deprivation as treatment for depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Acta Psychiatr Scand |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=22–35 |date=January 2021 |pmid=33145770 |pmc=7839702 |doi=10.1111/acps.13253 }}</ref> with the effects usually showing up within a day. This effect is usually temporary. Besides sleepiness, this method can cause a side effect of [[mania]] or [[hypomania]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Giedke H, Schwärzler F |title=Therapeutic use of sleep deprivation in depression |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=361–77 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12531127 |doi=10.1053/smrv.2002.0235 }}</ref> There is insufficient evidence for [[Reiki]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Joyce J, Herbison GP | title = Reiki for depression and anxiety | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD006833 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25835541 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd006833.pub2 | pmc = 11088458 }}</ref> and [[dance movement therapy]] in depression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meekums B, Karkou V, Nelson EA | title = Dance movement therapy for depression | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD009895 | date = February 2015 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 25695871 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd009895.pub2 | pmc = 8928931 | url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/87222/8/Meekums_et_al-2015-The_Cochrane_Library.pdf }}</ref> [[Medical cannabis|Cannabis]] is specifically not recommended as a treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, et al | title = Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 995–1010 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31672337 | pmc = 6949116 | doi = 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30401-8 }}</ref>

The [[Human microbiome|microbiome]] of people with major depressive disorder differs from that of healthy people, and [[probiotic]] and [[Synbiotics|synbiotic]] treatment may achieve a modest depressive symptom reduction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanada K, Nakajima S, Kurokawa S, Barceló-Soler A, Ikuse D, Hirata A, Yoshizawa A, Tomizawa Y, Salas-Valero M, Noda Y, Mimura M, Iwanami A, Kishimoto T | title = Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 266 | pages = 1–13 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32056863 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.102 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alli SR, Gorbovskaya I, Liu JC, Kolla NJ, Brown L, Müller DJ | title = The Gut Microbiome in Depression and Potential Benefit of Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 4494 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35562885 | pmc = 9101152 | doi = 10.3390/ijms23094494 | doi-access = free }}</ref> With this, [[fecal microbiota transplant]]s (FMT) are being researched as add-on therapy treatments for people who do not respond to typical therapies. It has been shown that the patient's depressive symptoms improved, with minor gastrointestinal issues, after a FMT, with improvements in symptoms lasting at least 4 weeks after the transplant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Doll JP, Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Schaub AC, Schweinfurth N, Kettelhack C, Schneider E, Yamanbaeva G, Mählmann L, Brand S, Beglinger C, Borgwardt S, Raes J, Schmidt A, Lang UE | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) as an Adjunctive Therapy for Depression-Case Report | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 13 | pages = 815422 | date = 17 February 2022 | pmid = 35250668 | pmc = 8891755 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.815422 | doi-access = free }}</ref>