Editing Macedonia (ancient kingdom) (section)

===Language and dialects===
{{main|Ancient Macedonian language}}
{{further|History of Greek|Ancient Greek dialects}}

Following its adoption as the court language of [[Philip II of Macedon]]'s regime, authors of ancient Macedonia wrote their works in [[Koine Greek]], the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of late [[Classical Greece|Classical]] and [[Hellenistic Greece]].<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|p=44}}; {{harvnb|Woodard|2010|p=9}}; see also {{harvnb|Austin|2006|p=4}} for further details. <br />Edward M. Anson contends that the native [[spoken language]] of the Macedonians was a dialect of Greek and that in the roughly 6,300 Macedonian-period inscriptions discovered by archaeologists about 99% were written in the Greek language, using the [[Greek alphabet]]. {{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=17, n. 57, n. 58}}.</ref> Rare textual evidence indicates that the native Macedonian language was either a dialect of [[Greek language|Greek]] similar to [[Thessalian Greek]] and [[Northwestern Greek]],<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|p=44}}; {{harvnb|Engels|2010|pp=94–95}}; {{harvnb|Woodard|2010|pp=9–10}}. <br />{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|pp=43–45}} states that the native language of the ancient Macedonians as preserved in the rare documents written in a language other than [[Koine Greek]] also betray a slight [[Phonetics|phonetic]] influence from the languages of the original inhabitants of the region who were [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] or expelled by the invading Macedonians; Hatzopoulos also asserts that little is known about these languages aside from [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] spoken by the [[Bryges]] who migrated to [[Anatolia]]. <br />{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=3–4}} affirms that the Macedonian language was merely a dialect of Greek that used [[loanword]]s from [[Thracian language|Thracian]] and [[Illyrian languages]], which "does not surprise modern [[philologist]]s" but ultimately provided Macedonia's political enemies with the "proof" they needed to level the charge that Macedonians were not Greek.</ref> or a [[Hellenic languages|language closely related to Greek]].<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Woodard|2004|pp=12–14}}; Hamp, Eric; Adams, Douglas (2013). "[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134950/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf |date=2014-02-22 }}", ''Sino-Platonic Papers'', vol 239. Accessed 16 January 2017. <br />Joseph 2001: "Ancient Greek is generally taken to be the only representative (though note the existence of different dialects) of the Greek or Hellenic branch of Indo-European. There is some dispute as to whether Ancient Macedonian (the native language of Philip and Alexander), if it has any special affinity to Greek at all, is a dialect within Greek (see below) or a sibling language to all the known Ancient Greek dialects. If the latter view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European which could more properly be called Hellenic."<br /> {{harvnb|Georgiev|1966|pp=285–297}}: ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.</ref> The vast majority of surviving inscriptions from ancient Macedonia were written in [[Attic Greek]] and its successor Koine.<ref>{{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=17, n. 57, n. 58}}; {{harvnb|Woodard|2010|pp=9–10}}; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|pp=43–45}}; {{harvnb|Engels|2010|pp=94–95}}.</ref> Attic (and later Koine) Greek was the preferred language of the [[Ancient Macedonian army]], although it is known that Alexander the Great once shouted an emergency order in Macedonian to his royal guards during the [[Symposium|drinking party]] where he killed [[Cleitus the Black]].<ref name="engels 2010 95">{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=95}}.</ref> Macedonian became [[Extinct language|extinct]] in either the Hellenistic or the Roman period, and entirely replaced by Koine Greek.<ref name="engels 2010 94">{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=94}}.</ref><ref group="note">For instance, [[Cleopatra VII Philopator]], the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, spoke Koine Greek as a first language and by her reign (51–30 BC) or some time before it the Macedonian language was no longer used. See {{harvnb|Jones|2006|pp=33–34}}.</ref>