Editing Lepidoptera (section)

==== Pupa ====

[[File:Papilio dardanus emerging.ogv|left|thumb|Eclosion of ''[[Papilio dardanus]]'']]

After about five to seven instars,<ref name="Dole">{{Cite book |last=Dole |first=Claire Hagen |title=The Butterfly Gardener's Guide |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |date=28 May 2003|isbn=978-1-889538-58-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/butterflygardene00clai|url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/butterflygardene00clai/page/26 26] |quote=metamorphosis butterfly. }}</ref>{{rp|26–28}} or molts, certain hormones, like PTTH, stimulate the production of [[ecdysone]], which initiates insect molting. The larva starts to develop into the [[pupa]]: body parts specific to the larva, such as the abdominal prolegs, degenerate, while others such as the legs and wings undergo growth. After finding a suitable place, the animal sheds its last larval cuticle, revealing the pupal cuticle underneath.

Depending on the species, the pupa may be covered in a silk cocoon, attached to different types of substrates, buried in the ground, or may not be covered at all. Features of the [[imago]] are externally recognizable in the pupa. All the appendages on the adult head and thorax are found cased inside the cuticle ([[antenna (biology)|antenna]]e, [[Insect mouthparts|mouthpart]]s, etc.), with the wings wrapped around, adjacent to the antennae.<ref name="Resh and Carde"/>{{Rp|564}} The pupae of some species have functional mandibles, while the pupal mandibles are not functional in others.<ref name="scoble_heads" />

Although the pupal cuticle is highly sclerotized, some of the lower abdominal segments are not fused, and are able to move using small muscles found in between the membrane. Moving may help the pupa, for example, escape the sun, which would otherwise kill it. The pupa of the [[Mexican jumping bean]] moth (''[[Cydia saltitans]]'') does this. The larvae cut a trapdoor in the bean (species of ''[[Sebastiania]]'') and use the bean as a shelter. With a sudden rise in temperature, the pupa inside twitches and jerks, pulling on the threads inside. Wiggling may also help to deter [[parasitoid]] wasps from laying eggs on the pupa. Other species of moths are able to make clicks to deter predators.<ref name="Resh and Carde"/>{{Rp|564, 566}}

The length of time before the pupa ecloses (emerges) varies greatly. The monarch butterfly may stay in its chrysalis for two weeks, while other species may need to stay for more than 10 months in diapause. The adult emerges from the pupa either by using abdominal hooks or from projections located on the head. The mandibles found in the most primitive moth families are used to escape from their cocoon (e. g., [[Micropterigoidea]]).<ref name="cgillott"/><ref name="Resh and Carde"/>{{Rp|564}}