Editing Languages of the United States (section)

==Indigenous languages==
[[File:Indigenous languages of the US.png|thumb|400px|Map showing language families of the US prior to European settlement.]]

===Native American languages===
[[Native American languages]] predate European settlement of the [[New World]]. In a few parts of the U.S. (mostly on [[Indian reservation]]s), they continue to be spoken fluently. Most of these languages are [[Endangered languages|endangered]], although there are efforts to revive them. Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the [[degree of endangerment]], but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest ([[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]]) which continue to thrive despite their small size.

In 1929, speaking of indigenous Native American languages, linguist [[Edward Sapir]] observed:<ref>{{Citation
|title=Daily life of Native Americans from post-Columbian through nineteenth-century America
|work=The Greenwood Press "Daily life through history" series
|author1=Alice N. Nash
|author2=Christoph Strobel
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|year= 2006
|isbn=978-0-313-33515-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ghv-E7OuBlMC
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ghv-E7OuBlMC&pg=PR9 IX]
}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages ... than in the whole of Europe. We may go further. We may say, quite literally and safely, that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe.|sign=|source=}}

====Navajo====
{{Main|Navajo language}}
According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys, the largest Native American language-speaking community by far is the Navajo. [[Navajo language|Navajo]] is an [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]] language of the [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené family]], with 178,000 speakers, primarily in the states of [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Utah]]. Altogether, Navajo speakers make up more than 50% of all Native American language speakers in the United States. [[Western Apache language|Western Apache]], with 12,500 speakers, also mostly in Arizona, is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it. Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the [[Pacific Northwest]] and [[Alaska]]. Navajo has struggled to keep a healthy speaker base, although this problem has been alleviated to some extent by extensive education programs on the [[Navajo Nation]], including a Navajo language immersion school in [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]].

====Cherokee====
{{Main|Cherokee language}}
[[File:Cherokee USC2000 PHS NCandOK.svg|thumb|right|Cherokee language distribution of the United States]]

Cherokee is the [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian language]] spoken by the [[Cherokee]] people, and the official language of the [[Cherokee Nation]].<ref name=CARLAb>{{cite web
| title = The Cherokee Nation & its Language
| work = University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition
| date = 2008
| access-date = May 22, 2014
| url = http://www.carla.umn.edu/conferences/past/immersion2008/documents/Peter_L_CherokeeNation.pdf
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131213/http://www.carla.umn.edu/conferences/past/immersion2008/documents/Peter_L_CherokeeNation.pdf
| archive-date = July 14, 2014
}}</ref> Significant numbers of Cherokee speakers of all ages<ref name=about>{{cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/cherokee |title=Cherokee|last=Thompson|first=Irene|date=August 6, 2013|publisher=Aboutworldlanguages.com/|access-date=May 22, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521085122/http://aboutworldlanguages.com/cherokee|archive-date=May 21, 2014}}</ref> still populate the [[Qualla Boundary]] in [[Cherokee, North Carolina]] and several counties within the Cherokee Nation of [[Oklahoma]], significantly [[Cherokee County, Oklahoma|Cherokee]], [[Sequoyah County, Oklahoma|Sequoyah]], [[Mayes County|Mayes]], [[Adair County, Oklahoma|Adair]], and [[Delaware County, Oklahoma|Delaware]]. Increasing numbers of Cherokee youth are renewing interest in the traditions, history, and language of their ancestors.<ref name = about /> Cherokee-speaking communities stand at the forefront of language preservation, and at local schools, all lessons are taught in Cherokee and thus it serves as the medium of instruction from pre-school on up.<ref name=CARLAb/> Also, church services and traditional ceremonial [[stomp dance]]s are held in the language in Oklahoma and on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina.<ref name=CARLAb/>

Cherokee is one of the few, or perhaps the only, Native American language with an increasing population of speakers,<ref name=introductory>{{cite book |last= Joyner|first= Michael|date= September 30, 2010|title= Cherokee Lessons - Introductory Edition |url=https://www.google.com/shopping/product/16900993081780071216?q=cherokee+language&biw=1416&bih=718&ei=5luLU4HhDuaisQTI7IHIBQ&ved=0COUBEKYrMAo4FA |publisher= Lulu Enterprises Incorporated|pages= 16–17|access-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> and along with [[Navajo language|Navajo]] it is the only indigenous American language with more than 50,000 speakers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/native-american-languages.html |title=Native American languages |publisher=Infoplease.com |access-date=October 23, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051042/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/native-american-languages.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> a figure most likely achieved through the tribe's 10-year long language preservation plan involving growing new speakers through immersion schools for children,<ref>{{Cite news| last = Chavez, Will| title = Immersion students win trophies at language fair| work = Cherokeephoenix.org| access-date = April 8, 2013| date = April 5, 2012| url = http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/Index/6142| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525231358/http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/Index/6142| archive-date = May 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Native Now : Language: Cherokee| work = We Shall Remain - American Experience - PBS| access-date = April 9, 2014| year = 2008| url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/native_now/language_cherokee| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407132754/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/native_now/language_cherokee| archive-date = April 7, 2014}}</ref> developing new words for modern phrases, teaching the language to non-Cherokees in schools and universities,<ref name="wcu.edu">{{cite web| title = Cherokee Language Revitalization Project| work = Western Carolina University| access-date = April 9, 2014| year = 2014| url = http://www.wcu.edu/academics/departments-schools-colleges/cas/casdepts/anthsoc/cherokee-studies/cherokeelanguagerevitalizationproject.asp| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084751/http://www.wcu.edu/academics/departments-schools-colleges/cas/casdepts/anthsoc/cherokee-studies/cherokeelanguagerevitalizationproject.asp| archive-date = April 7, 2014}}</ref> fostering the language among young adults so their children can use that language at home, developing [[iPhone]] and [[iPad]] apps for language education, the development of Cherokee language radio stations including [[Cherokee Voices, Cherokee Sounds]],<ref>{{Cite news| last = Hauk| first = Alexis| title = Radio Free Cherokee: Endangered Languages Take to the Airwaves| work = The Atlantic| access-date = April 9, 2014| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/08/radio-free-cherokee-endangered-languages-take-to-the-airwaves/261165/| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120948/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/08/radio-free-cherokee-endangered-languages-take-to-the-airwaves/261165/| archive-date = January 16, 2014}}</ref> and promoting the writing system through public signage, products like the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone]], [[internet]] use through [[Google]] including [[Gmail]], and others so the language remains relevant in the 21st century.

====Other Native American languages====
[[Dakota language|Dakota]] is a [[Siouan languages|Siouan language]] with 18,000 speakers in the US alone (22,000 including speakers in Canada), not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related [[Lakota language|Lakota]]. Most speakers live in the states of [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]]. Other Siouan languages include the closely related [[Winnebago language|Winnebago]], and the more distant [[Crow language|Crow]], among others.

[[Yupik languages|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]] is an [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut language]] with 16,000 speakers, most of whom live in Alaska. The term "Yupik" is applied to its relatives, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible with Central Alaskan, including [[Naukan Yupik language|Naukan]] and [[Central Siberian Yupik language|Central Siberian]], among others.

The [[O'odham language]], spoken by the [[Pima people|Pima]] and the [[Tohono O'odham]], is a [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan language]] with more than 12,000 speakers, most of whom live in central and southern [[Arizona]] and northern [[Sonora]]. Other Uto-Aztecan languages include [[Hopi language|Hopi]], [[Shoshoni language|Shoshone]], and the [[Colorado River Numic language|Pai-Ute]] languages.

[[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] has 11,000 speakers. Choctaw is part of the [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean family]], like [[Muscogee language|Seminole]] and [[Alabama language|Alabama]].

The [[Algic languages|Algonquian language family]] includes languages like [[Ojibwe language|Chippewa/Ojibwe]], [[Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]], and [[Cree language|Cree]].

[[Keresan languages|Keres]] has 11,000 speakers in New Mexico and is a [[language isolate]]. The Keres pueblo people are the largest of the Pueblo nations. The Keres pueblo of [[Acoma Pueblo|Acoma]] is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States. [[Zuni language|Zuni]], another isolate, has around 10,000 speakers, most of whom reside within the [[Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico|Zuni pueblo]].

Because of immigration from [[Mexico]], there are Mexican native American languages speakers in the US. There are thousands of [[Nahuatl language in the United States|Nahuatl]], [[Mixtec language|Mixtec]], [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]] and [[Trique languages|Trique]] speakers in communities established mainly in the southern states.

Although the languages of the Americas have a history stretching back about 17,000 to 12,000 years, current knowledge of them is limited. There are doubtlessly a number of undocumented languages that were once spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record.

====List of Native American languages====
Below is an estimate of Native American languages "spoken at home" in the United States (American Community Survey 2006–2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls|format=XLS|title=Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006-2008 : Release Date: April, 2010 |publisher=Census.gov|access-date=January 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922225023/https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls|archive-date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> This is not an exhaustive list of Native American languages in the US. Because the distinction between dialect and language is not always clear, multiple dialects of varying [[mutually intelligible|mutual intelligibility]] may be classified as a single language, while a group of effectively identical dialects may be classified separately for historical or cultural reasons. Languages included here may be classified as "extinct" (having no living native speakers), but many extinct or moribund Native American languages are the subjects of ongoing [[language revitalization]] efforts; other extinct languages undergoing revitalization might not be listed here.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Language !! Endonym{{efn|A language's endonym may not be available for a variety of possible reasons: The language in question encompasses multiple dialects with unique endonyms; The language in question is actually a [[language family]]; The language or community of speakers has a prohibition against writing the language; No documentation is immediately available; etc.}} !! Family !! data-sort-type="number" |Speakers<br />(% of total) !! data-sort-type="number" |Does not speak English<br />"Very Well"{{efn|Respondents who reported speaking English less than "Very Well." The total margin of error for this group was 1.78%; however, margins of error for individual languages, especially those with few total speakers, may exceed 100% in some cases.}}
|-
| '''Total''' || — || — || '''444,124 (100)''' || '''19.22%'''
|-
| Total (excl. Navajo) || — || — || 203,127 (54.32) || 15.82%
|-
| [[Navajo language|Navajo]] ||data-sort-value="Dine bizaad"| ''Diné bizaad'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 170,822 (45.68) || 23.25%
|-
| [[Dakota language|Dakota]] ||data-sort-value="Dakhotiyapi"| ''Dakȟótiyapi'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 18,804 (5.03) || 9.86%
|-
| [[Yupik languages|Yupik]] || — || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || 18,626 (4.98) || 37.02%
|-
|[[O'odham language|O'odham]]
|—
|[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
|15,123 (3.59)
|8.03%
|-
| [[Apache languages|Apache]] || ''Ndee biyati' '' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 14,012 (3.75) || 3.53%
|-
| [[Keresan languages|Keres]] || — || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 13,073 (3.50) || 6.20%
|-
| [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] || ''Tsalagi Gawonihisdi'' (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ) || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 12,320 (3.29) || 16.33%
|-
| [[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] || ''Chahta' '' || [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] || 10,368 (2.77) || 23.44%
|-
| [[Zuni language|Zuni]] || ''Shiwi'ma'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 9432 (2.52) || 14.22%
|-
| American Indian (Other) || — || — || 8888 (2.38) || 16.73%
|-
| [[O'odham language|O'odham]] (Pima) ||data-sort-value="Oodham nioki"| ''Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 8190 (2.19) || 14.70%
|-
| [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] (Chippewa) || ''Anishinaabemowin'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 6986 (1.87) || 11.28%
|-
| [[Hopi language|Hopi]] || ''Hopilàvayi'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 6776 (1.81) || 18.80%
|-
| [[Inupiat language|Inupiat]] (Inupik) ||data-sort-value="Inupiatun"| ''Iñupiatun'' || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || 5580 (1.49) || 26.04%
|-
| [[Tewa language|Tewa]] || — || [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]] || 5123 (1.37) || 13.80%
|-
| [[Muskogean languages|Muskogee]] (Creek) || ''Mvskoke'' || [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] || 5072 (1.36) || 19.62%
|-
| [[Crow language|Crow]] ||data-sort-value="Apsaalooke"| ''Apsáalooke'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 3962 (1.06) || 6.59%
|-
| [[Shoshoni language|Shoshoni]] ||data-sort-value="Sosoni daigwape"| ''Sosoni' da̲i̲gwape'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 2512 (0.67) || 7.25%
|-
| [[Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]] ||data-sort-value="Tsehesenestsestotse"| ''Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 2399 (0.64) || 3.21%
|-
| [[Tiwa languages|Tiwa]] || — || [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]] || 2269 (0.61) || 3.22%
|-
| [[Jemez language|Towa]] (Jemez) || — || [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]] || 2192 (0.59) || 27.65%
|-
| [[Inuit languages|Inuit]] (Eskimo) || — || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || 2168 (0.58) || 25.46%
|-
| [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]] || ''Siksiká'' (ᓱᖽᐧᖿ) || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 1970 (0.53) || 11.02%
|-
| [[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]] || ''Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit'' || [[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]] || 1654 (0.44) || 6.17%
|-
| [[Paiute language (disambiguation)|Paiute]] || — || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 1638 (0.44) || 11.78%
|-
| [[Athabaskan languages|Athapascan]] || — || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 1627 (0.44) || 19.55%
|-
| [[Colorado River Numic language|Ute]] ||data-sort-value="Nuu apaghapi"| ''Núu-'apaghapi'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 1625 (0.43) || 5.23%
|-
|[[Southern Tiwa language|Southern Tiwa]]
|—
|[[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]]
|1600 (0.42)
|
|-
| [[Mohawk language|Mohawk]] || ''Kanien’kéha' '' || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 1423 (0.38) || 11.67%
|-
| [[Seneca language|Seneca]] ||data-sort-value="Onodowaga"| ''Onödowága'' || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 1353 (0.36) || 11.23%
|-
| [[Winnebago language|Winnebago]] ||data-sort-value="Hocak"| ''Hocąk'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 1340 (0.36) || 6.27%
|-
| [[Kiowa language|Kiowa]] ||data-sort-value="Cauijoga"| ''Cáuijògà'' || [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]] || 1274 (0.34) || 9.58%
|-
| [[Aleut language|Aleut]] || ''Unangam tunuu'' || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || 1236 (0.33) || 19.01%
|-
| [[Salishan languages|Salish]] || — || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 1233 (0.33) || 22.87%
|-
| [[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]] (Kuchin) || ''Gwich’in'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 1217 (0.33) || 25.82%
|-
| [[Fox language|Kickapoo]] || ''Kiwikapawa'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 1141 (0.31) || 41.72%
|-
| [[Arapaho language|Arapaho]] ||data-sort-value="Hinonoeitiit"| ''Hinónoʼeitíít'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 1087 (0.29) || 1.20%
|-
| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] || ''Lingít'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 1026 (0.27) || 8.19%
|-
| [[Central Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]] ([[St. Lawrence Island|SLI Yupik]]) || ''Sivuqaghmiistun'' || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || 993 (0.27) || 39.48%
|-
| [[Malecite-Passamaquoddy language|Passamaquoddy]] || ''Peskotomuhkat'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 982 (0.26) || 6.11%
|-
| [[Comanche language|Comanche]] ||data-sort-value="Numu tekwapu"| ''Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 963 (0.26) || 10.59%
|-
| [[Cree language|Cree]] ||data-sort-value="Nehiyawewin"| ''Nēhiyawēwin'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 951 (0.25) || 8.73%
|-
| [[Menominee language|Menominee]] ||data-sort-value="Omaeqnomenew"| ''Omāēqnomenew'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 946 (0.25) || 39.64%
|-
| [[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]] || ''Niimiipuutímt'' || [[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]] || 942 (0.25) || 12.10%
|-
| [[Potawatomi language|Potawatomi]] ||data-sort-value="Bodewadmi"| ''Bodéwadmi'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 824 (0.22) || 9.95%
|-
| [[Hidatsa language|Hidatsa]] || ''Hidatsa'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 806 (0.22) || 4.47%
|-
|[[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]]
|—
|[[Algic languages|Algic]]
|800 (0.22)
|
|-
| [[Fox language|Mesquakie]] (Fox) || ''Meshkwahkihaki'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 727 (0.19) || 22.15%
|-
| [[Karuk language|Karok]] ||data-sort-value="Karuk"| ''Káruk'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 700 (0.19) || 5.43%
|-
| [[Pomoan languages|Pomo]] || — || [[Pomoan languages|Pomoan]] || 648 (0.17) || 14.81%
|-
| [[Oneida language|Oneida]] || ''Oneyota'aaka'' || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 527 (0.14) || 58.63%
|-
| [[Yurok language|Yurok]] || ''Puliklah'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 491 (0.13) || 1.63%
|-
| [[Cocopah language|Cocopah]] || ''Kwikapa'' || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 483 (0.13) || 22.77%
|-
| [[Havasupai–Hualapai language|Hualapai]] || ''Hwalbáy'' || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 458 (0.12) || 4.80%
|-
| [[Omaha–Ponca language|Omaha]] ||data-sort-value="Umoho"| ''Umoⁿhoⁿ'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 457 (0.12) || 1.97%
|-
| [[Mescalero-Chiricahua language|Chiricahua]] || ''Ndee bizaa'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 457 (0.12) || —
|-
| [[Jicarilla language|Jicarilla]] ||data-sort-value="Abaachi mizaa"| ''Abáachi mizaa'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 455 (0.12) || 14.51%
|-
| [[Yaqui language|Yaqui]] || ''Yoem noki'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 425 (0.11) || 10.12%
|-
| [[Yokutsan languages|Yokuts]] || — || ''[[Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]]'' || 407 (0.11) || 27.27%
|-
|[[Koasati language|Koasati]]
|Coushatta
|[[Muskogean languages|Muskoeaen]]
|370 (0.10)
|—
|-
| [[Mono language (California)|Mono]] || ''Mono'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 349 (0.09) || —
|-
| [[Mojave language|Mohave]] || ''Hamakhav'' || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 330 (0.09) || 6.36%
|-
| [[Luiseño language|Luiseño]] || ''Cham'teela'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 327 (0.09) || 4.28%
|-
| [[Shawnee language|Shawnee]] || ''Sawanwa'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 321 (0.09) || 6.23%
|-
| [[Maidu language|Maidu]] (NE Maidu) ||data-sort-value="Majdy"| ''Májdy'' || [[Maiduan languages|Maiduan]] || 319 (0.09) || 6.90%
|-
| [[Ottawa dialect|Ottawa]] || ''Nishnaabemwin'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 312 (0.08) || 10.90%
|-
| [[Algonquian languages|Algonquin]] || ''Anicinâbemowin'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 288 (0.08) || 19.79%
|-
| [[Okanagan language|Okanogan]] ||data-sort-value="Nselxcin"| ''Nsəlxcin'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 284 (0.08) || 10.92%
|-
| [[Osage language|Osage]] || ''Wazhazhe ie'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 260 (0.07) || 20.38%
|-
| [[Wichita language|Wichita]] ||data-sort-value="Kirikiris"| ''Kirikirʔi:s'' || [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] || 242 (0.06) || 16.12%
|-
| [[Onondaga language|Onondaga]] ||data-sort-value="Onodagega"| ''Onǫda’gegá'' || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 239 (0.06) || 2.93%
|-
| [[Mi'kmaq language|Mi'kmaq]] (Micmac) ||data-sort-value="Mikmawisimk"| ''Míkmawísimk'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 230 (0.06) || 10.87%
|-
| [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Digueño]] (Ipai-Kumiai-Tipai) || — || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 228 (0.06) || 60.96%
|-
| [[Washo language|Washo]] ||data-sort-value="Wasiw itlu"| ''Wá:šiw ʔítlu'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 227 (0.06) || 9.69%
|-
| [[Miwok languages|Miwok]] || ''Miwok'' || [[Utian languages|Utian]] || 216 (0.06) || —
|-
| [[Lushootseed language|Lushootseed]] (Puget Salish) ||data-sort-value="Xwelsucid"| ''Xʷəlšucid'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 207 (0.06) || 47.83%
|-
| [[Kutenai language|Kutenai]] || ''Ktunaxa'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 200 (0.05) || 32.50%
|-
| [[Mikasuki language|Miccosukee]] || ''Mikisúkî'' || [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] || 188 (0.05) || 22.87%
|-
| [[Tuscarora language|Tuscarora]] ||data-sort-value="Skarure"| ''Ska:rù:rę' '' || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 179 (0.05) || 10.06%
|-
| [[Makah language|Makah]] ||data-sort-value="Qwiqwidiccaq"| ''Qʷi·qʷi·diččaq'' || [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] || 176 (0.05) || 30.11%
|-
| [[Coeur d'Alene language|Coeur d'Alene]] || ''Snchitsuʼumshtsn'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 174 (0.05) || —
|-
| [[Hupa language|Hupa]] ||data-sort-value="Natinixwe"| ''Na:tinixwe'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 174 (0.05) || —
|-
| [[Quechan language|Quechan]] (Yuma) || ''Kwtsaan'' || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 172 (0.05) || 31.98%
|-
| [[Miami-Illinois language|Miami]] || ''Myaamia'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 168 (0.04) || 50.60%
|-
| [[Alabama language|Alabama]] || ''Albaamo innaaɬiilka'' || [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] || 165 (0.04) || 20.00%
|-
| [[Delaware language|Delaware]] ||data-sort-value="Lenape"| ''Lënape / Lunaapeew'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 146 (0.04) || 25.34%
|-
| [[Klallam language|Clallam]] ||data-sort-value="Nexwslayemucen"| ''Nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 146 (0.04) || 1.37%
|-
| [[Penobscot language|Penobscot]] (E Abenaki) || ''Panawahpskek'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 144 (0.04) || 5.56%
|-
| [[Yavapai language|Yavapai]] || — || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 139 (0.04) || —
|-
| [[Cahuilla language|Cahuilla]] || ''Ivia'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 139 (0.04) || —
|-
| [[Omaha-Ponca language|Ponca]] ||data-sort-value="Panka"| ''Paⁿka'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 131 (0.04) || 6.87%
|-
| [[Quinault language|Quinault]] ||data-sort-value="Kwinayl"| ''Kʷínaył'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 128 (0.03) || —
|-
| [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]] (Ingalit) || ''Degexit’an'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 127 (0.03) || —
|-
| [[Pawnee language|Pawnee]] ||data-sort-value="Paari"| ''Paári'' || [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] || 122 (0.03) || 16.39%
|-
| [[Haida language|Haida]] ||data-sort-value="Xaat Kil"| ''X̱aat Kíl'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 118 (0.03) || 19.49%
|-
| [[Cowlitz language|Cowlitz]] || ''Stl'pulimuhkl'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 110 (0.03) || 82.73%
|-
| [[Mandan language|Mandan]] ||data-sort-value="Nuetare"| ''Nų́ʔetaːre'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 104 (0.03) || 38.46%
|-
| [[Arikara language|Arikara]] ||data-sort-value="Sahnis"| ''Sáhniš'' || [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] || 103 (0.03) || —
|-
| [[Klamath language|Klamath]] || ''Maqlaqs'' || [[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]] || 95 (0.03) || 27.37%
|-
| [[Havasupai dialect|Havasupai]] || ''Havasu’baaja'' || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 90 (0.02) || 52.22%
|-
| [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]] || ''Sitimaxa'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 89 (0.02) || 21.35%
|-
| [[Abenaki language|Abenaki]] (W Abenaki) ||data-sort-value="Wobanakiodwawogan"| ''Wôbanakiôdwawôgan'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 86 (0.02) || —
|-
| [[Kwak'wala]] (Kwakiutl) || ''Kwak'wala'' || [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] || 85 (0.02) || 24.71%
|-
| [[Tututni language|Tututni]] (Rogue River) ||data-sort-value="Dotodeni"| ''Dotodəni'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 84 (0.02) || —
|-
| [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquois]] || — || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 76 (0.02) || —
|-
| [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]] ||data-sort-value="Smalgyax"| ''Sm'algyax'' || [[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshianic]] || 68 (0.02) || —
|-
| [[Achumawi language|Achumawi]] || — || [[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] || 68 (0.02) || —
|-
| [[Chiwere language|Chiwere]] || ''Jíwere'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 60 (0.02) || —
|-
| [[Koasati language|Koasati]] || ''Kowassá:ti'' || [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] || 59 (0.02) || 6.78%
|-
| [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]] || ''Denaakkʼe'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 58 (0.02) || 12.07%
|-
| [[Upper Chinook language|Upper Chinook]] || ''Kiksht'' || [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] || 58 (0.02) || 10.34%
|-
| [[Caddo language|Caddo]] || ''Hasí:nay'' || [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] || 51 (0.01) || 23.53%
|-
| [[Central Kalapuya language|Kalapuya]] (Santiam) || — || [[Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuyan]] || 50 (0.01) || —
|-
| [[Gros Ventre language|Gros Ventre]] (Atsina) || ''Ahahnelin'' || [[Algic languages|Algic]] || 45 (0.01) || —
|-
| [[Valley Yokuts|Tachi]] || — || [[Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]] || 45 (0.01) || 57.78%
|-
| [[Maricopa language|Maricopa]] || ''Piipaash chuukwer'' || [[Yuman–Cochimí languages|Yuman]] || 44 (0.01) || 22.73%
|-
| [[Chumashan languages|Chumash]] ||data-sort-value="Shamala"| ''S.hamala'' || [[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]] || 39 (0.01) || 100.00%
|-
| [[Nomlaki language|Nomlaki]] || ''Nomlāqa'' || [[Wintuan languages|Wintuan]] || 38 (0.01) || —
|-
| [[Konkow language|Konkow]] (NW Maidu) || ''Koyoom k'awi'' || [[Maiduan languages|Maiduan]] || 32 || 100.00%
|-
|[[Tunica language|Tunica]]
|Yuron
|[[Language isolate|Isolate]]
|32
|—
|-
| [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]] || ''Tickanwa•tic'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 29 || —
|-
|[[Caddo language|Caddo]]
|—
|[[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
|25
|—
|-
| [[Wintu language|Wintu]] || ''Wintʰu:h'' || [[Wintuan languages|Wintuan]] || 24 || —
|-
| [[Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language|Spokane]] || ''Npoqínišcn'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 20 || 40.00%
|-
| [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]] || ''Atnakenaege’'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 18 || —
|-
| [[Columbia-Moses language|Columbia]] (Sinkiuse) || ''Nxaảmxcín'' || [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] || 17 || —
|-
| [[Atsugewi language|Atsugewi]] || ''Atsugé'' || [[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] || 15 || —
|-
| [[Colorado River Numic language|Chemehuevi]] ||data-sort-value="Nuwuvi"| ''Nüwüvi'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 15 || —
|-
|[[Abenaki language|Abenaki]]
|—
|[[Algic languages|Algic]]
|14
|—
|-
| [[Northern Paiute language|Northern Paiute]] || ''Numu'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 12 || —
|-
| [[Dena'ina language|Dena'ina]] (Tanaina) || ''Dena’ina qenaga'' || [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dené]] || 11 || —
|-
| [[Cupeño language|Cupeño]] || ''Kupangaxwicham'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 11 || —
|-
| [[Nuu-chah-nulth language|Nuu-chah-nulth]] (Nootka) ||data-sort-value="Nuucaanul"| ''Nuučaan̓uł'' || [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] || 10 || —
|-
|[[Pawnee language|Pawnee]]
|''Chatiks si chatiks''
|[[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
|10
|
|-
|[[Arikara language|Arikara]]
|''Sanish''
|[[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]] (Gulf Yupik) || ''Sugpiaq'' || [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] || 8 || —
|-
| [[Kansa language|Kansa]] ||data-sort-value="Kanza"| ''Káⁿza'' || [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] || 7 || —
|-
| [[Siuslaw language|Siuslaw]] ||data-sort-value="Saayusla"| ''Šáayušła'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 6 || —
|-
| [[Cayuga language|Cayuga]] || ''Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’'' || [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] || 6 || —
|-
| [[Serrano language|Serrano]] || ''Taaqtam'' || [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] || 5 || —
|-
|[[Tübatulabal language|Tübatulabal]]
|—
|[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
|5
|—
|-
| [[Yuchi language|Yuchi]] || ''Tsoyaha'' || ''[[Language isolate|Isolate]]'' || 4 || —
|-
|[[Shasta language|Shasta]]
|—
|[[Shastan languages|Shastan]]
|2
|100.00%
|-
|[[Wukchumni language|Wukcumni]]
|—
|[[Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]]
|1
|0.00%
|-
|[[Quapaw language|Quapaw]]
|—
|[[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
|1
|—
|}

====Native American sign languages====
A sign-language [[trade]] [[pidgin]], known as [[Plains Indian Sign Language]], Plains Standard or Plains Sign Talk, arose among the [[Plains Indians|Native Americans of the plains]]. Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language, that was used by the hearing, and these were not mutually intelligible. Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations. It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north, through the [[Great Plains]], as far as [[British Columbia]]. There are still a few users today, especially among the [[Crow Indians|Crow]], [[Cheyenne Indians|Cheyenne]], and [[Arapaho]]. Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people, it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages. Through intergenerational transmission, Plains Sign Talk became a working language still in use today in some Deaf First Nations or Native American communities.

As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents, it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella. One is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan.

Additionally, [[Plateau Sign Language]] existed alongside Plains Sign Talk as either a trade pidgin or another language around the [[Columbia Plateau]] and surrounding regions.

===Austronesian languages===

====Hawaiian====
[[File:Hawaiian USC2000 PHS.svg|thumb|Hawaiian language distribution in the United States.]]
[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] is an official state language of [[Hawaii]], as prescribed in the [[Constitution of Hawaii]]. Hawaiian has an estimated 1,000 native speakers. Although it is critically endangered, the Hawaiian language is showing signs of revitalization, particularly following the [[Hawaiian Renaissance]]. Growing public interest can also be attributed to language immersion programs available through the [[Hawaii State Department of Education]] and the [[University of Hawaii]], as well as to efforts by the [[Hawaii State Legislature]], [[Kamehameha Schools]], county governments, and community organizations to preserve local place-based knowledge. In 1993, about 8,000 could speak and understand Hawaiian; today, since the intervention of the state government and that of private groups promoting the language, estimates range up to 27,000.

====Samoan====
[[Samoan language|Samoan]] is an official territorial language of [[American Samoa]]. Samoans make up 90% of the population, and most people are bilingual.

====Chamorro====
[[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] is co-official in the [[Mariana Islands]], both in the territory of [[Guam]] and in the [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|Commonwealth]] of the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]. In Guam, the indigenous [[Chamorro people]] make up about 60% of the population.

====Carolinian====
[[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] is also co-official in the Northern Marianas, where only 14% of people speak English at home.