Editing Lahore (section)

=== British colonial period ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|[[University of the Punjab]]
File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]]
File:Front View of Lahore Museum.jpg|[[Lahore Museum]]
File:Lahore High Court Building.jpg|[[Lahore High Court]]
File:King Edward Medical University.jpg|[[King Edward Medical University]]
</gallery>
[[File:Lahore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|upright|Map of the Old City and environs.]]
[[File:Street scene of Lahore, 1890s.jpg|thumb|upright|The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890]]

The [[British East India Company]] seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]], British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a [[population]] of 120,000.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901."</ref> Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]] surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as [[Mozang Chungi|Mozang]] and [[Qila Gujar Singh]], which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry (which, according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair."</ref>

The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "The inner city, on the other hand, remained problematic. Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom, the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. 5 The colonial state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore."</ref> The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the [[Tomb of Anarkali]], which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an [[Anglican]] church in 1851.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "What is more striking than the fact that Punjab's new rulers (cost-effectively) appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case (Figure 1.2). This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, the tomb was converted into the Anglican church."</ref> The 17th-century [[Dai Anga Mosque]] was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "the mosque of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse, which the British converted first into a residence and later into the office of the railway traffic manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theater for entertaining officers. The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenth-century Mughal viceroy of Punjab who had brutally persecuted the Sikhs while he was in power, escaped demolition by the railway but was converted nevertheless into a private wine merchant's shop."</ref> The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "with an abundance of abandoned large structures scattered throughout the civil station on nazul (state administered) property, the colonial government often chose to house major institutions in converted buildings rather than to build anew. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Mall Road."</ref>

[[File:Lahore Railway Station 01.jpg|thumb|left|Constructed in the aftermath of the 1857 [[Sepoy Mutiny]], the design of the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] was highly militarised to defend the structure from further uprisings against British rule.]]
The British built the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] just outside the Walled City shortly after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]]; the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "The Lahore station, built during a time when securing British civilians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in the government's mind, fortified medieval castle, complete with turrets and crenellated towers, battered flanking walls, and loopholes for directing rifle and cannon fire along the main avenues of approach from the city."</ref> Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking [[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.<ref name="Mall Road">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other."</ref> The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious [[Lahore Cantonment]] to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.

Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Alfred]], [[Duke of Edinburgh]] – a visit in which he received delegations from the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] of [[Jammu]], Maharajas of [[Patiala]], the Nawab of [[Bahawalpur]], and other rulers from various Punjabi states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA341|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, Khān Bahādur)|date=1891|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited}}</ref> During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights.<ref name=":0" /> British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] (1887) in the distinctive [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]], including the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "As a gesture of loyalty, Punjab's "Princes, Chiefs, merchants, men of local note, and the public generally" formed a subscription to erect the "Victoria Jubilee Institute for the Promotion and Diffusion of Technical and Agricultural Education and Science" in Lahore, a complex that eventually formed the nucleus of the city's museum and the Mayo School of Art (completed in 1894)."</ref>

The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "According to the 1901 census, therefore, the inner city of Lahore contained exactly 20,691 "houses"."</ref> An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press" /> Lahore's posh [[Model Town, Lahore|Model Town]] was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while [[Krishan Nagar]] locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City.
[[File:Bawa Dingha Singh building, Lahore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.]]
Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India<ref name="Mall Road"/> and Pakistan. The [[Declaration of the Independence of India]] was moved by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's [[Bradlaugh Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |title=Republic Day |work=The Tribune |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129021853/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian ''[[Swaraj flag|Swaraj]]'' [[Swaraj flag|flag]] was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as [[Jatin Das]], and was also where [[Bhagat Singh]] was hanged in 1931.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 "A memorial will be built to Bhagat Singh, says the governor of Lahore."] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729120941/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 |date=29 July 2012 }} ''Daily Times Pakistan''. 2 September 2007.</ref> Under the leadership of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[All India Muslim League]] passed the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.<ref>[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 Story of Pakistan – Lahore Resolution 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126002501/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 |date=26 January 2012 }}, Jin Technologies. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</ref>