Editing Kyoto Protocol (section)

==Ratification process==
===Countries that ratified the Protocol===
The Protocol was adopted by [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|COP 3]] of UNFCCC on 11 December 1997 in [[Kyoto]], Japan. It was opened on 16 March 1998 for signature during one year by parties to [[UNFCCC]], when it was signed Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, the Maldives, Samoa, St. Lucia and Switzerland. At the end of the signature period, 82 countries and the [[European Community]] had signed. [[Ratification]] (which is required to become a party to the Protocol) started on 17 September with ratification by Fiji. Countries that did not sign acceded to the convention, which has the same legal effect.<ref name=parties/>

Article 25 of the Protocol specifies that the Protocol enters into force "on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in [[Annex I]] which accounted in total for at least 55% of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the [[Annex I]] countries, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Kyoto Protocol full text (PDF)|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf|publisher=UNFCC Homepage|access-date=17 November 2004|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005085911/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The EU and its Member States ratified the Protocol in May 2002.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/02/794&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |title=European Union ratifies the Kyoto Protocol |publisher=European Union |date=31 May 2002 |access-date=13 February 2010 |archive-date=17 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217030944/http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/02/794&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the two conditions, the "55 parties" clause was reached on 23 May 2002 when [[Iceland]] ratified the Protocol.<ref name=parties>{{cite web|title=Status of ratification|url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php|publisher=UNFCC Homepage|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404010136/http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The ratification by [[Russia]] on 18 November 2004 satisfied the "55%" clause and brought the treaty into force, effective 16 February 2005, after the required lapse of 90 days.<ref>{{cite web|last=West|first=Larry|title=What is the Kyoto Protocol|url=http://environment.about.com/od/kyotoprotocol/i/kyotoprotocol.htm|publisher=About.com (Part of NYT)|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302123655/http://environment.about.com/od/kyotoprotocol/i/kyotoprotocol.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of May 2013, [[List of Kyoto Protocol signatories|191 countries]] and one regional economic organization (the [[European Economic Community|EC]]) have ratified the agreement, representing over 61.6% of the 1990 emissions from [[Annex I]] countries.<ref name = "Kyoto-PDF-unfccc">{{cite web | title=Kyoto Protocol: Status of Ratification | url=http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/application/pdf/kp_ratification.pdf | date=14 January 2009 | access-date=6 May 2009 | publisher=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] | archive-date=25 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325015751/http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/application/pdf/kp_ratification.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> One of the 191 ratifying states—Canada—has renounced the protocol.

{{hidden begin|title=Convention Parties|titlestyle=text-align:left;|bodystyle=text-align:left;}}
{|
|-
| style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"|
[[Afghanistan]] <br />
[[Albania]] <br />
[[Algeria]] <br />
[[Angola]] <br />
[[Antigua and Barbuda]] <br />
[[Argentina]] <br />
[[Armenia]] <br />
Australia <br />
[[Austria]] <br />
[[Azerbaijan]] <br />
[[Bahamas]] <br />
[[Bahrain]] <br />
[[Bangladesh]] <br />
[[Barbados]] <br />
[[Belarus]] <br />
[[Belgium]] <br />
[[Belize]] <br />
[[Benin]] <br />
[[Bhutan]] <br />
[[Bolivia]] <br />
[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] <br />
[[Botswana]] <br />
[[Brazil]] <br />
[[Brunei]] <br />
[[Bulgaria]] <br />
[[Burkina Faso]] <br />
[[Myanmar]] <br />
[[Burundi]] <br />
[[Cambodia]] <br />
[[Cameroon]] <br />
Canada <br />
[[Cape Verde]] <br />
[[Central African Republic]] <br />
[[Chad]] <br />
[[Chile]] <br />
China <br />
[[Colombia]] <br />
[[Comoros]] <br />
[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] <br />
[[Republic of the Congo]] <br />
[[Cook Islands]] <br />
[[Costa Rica]] <br />
[[Ivory Coast]] <br />
[[Croatia]] <br />
[[Cuba]] <br />
[[Cyprus]] <br />
[[Czech Republic]] <br />
[[Denmark]] <br />
[[Djibouti]] <br />
[[Dominica]]
| style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"|
[[Dominican Republic]] <br />
[[Ecuador]] <br />
[[East Timor]] <br />
[[Egypt]] <br />
[[El Salvador]] <br />
[[Equatorial Guinea]] <br />
[[Eritrea]] <br />
[[Estonia]] <br />
[[Eswatini]] <br />
[[Ethiopia]] <br />
[[European Union]] <br />
[[Fiji]] <br />
[[Finland]] <br />
France <br />
[[Gabon]] <br />
[[Gambia]] <br />
[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] <br />
Germany <br />
[[Ghana]] <br />
[[Greece]] <br />
[[Grenada]] <br />
[[Guatemala]] <br />
[[Guinea]] <br />
[[Guinea-Bissau]] <br />
[[Guyana]] <br />
[[Haiti]] <br />
[[Honduras]] <br />
[[Hungary]] <br />
[[Iceland]] <br />
[[India]] <br />
[[Indonesia]] <br />
[[Iran]] <br />
[[Iraq]] <br />
Ireland <br />
[[Israel]] <br />
[[Italy]] <br />
[[Jamaica]] <br />
Japan <br />
[[Jordan]] <br />
[[Kazakhstan]] <br />
[[Kenya]] <br />
[[Kiribati]] <br />
[[North Korea]] <br />
[[South Korea]] <br />
[[Kuwait]] <br />
[[Kyrgyzstan]] <br />
[[Laos]] <br />
[[Latvia]] <br />
[[Lebanon]] <br />
[[Lesotho]] <br />
[[Liberia]] <br />
[[Libya]]
| style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"|
[[Liechtenstein]] <br />
[[Lithuania]] <br />
[[Luxembourg]] <br />
[[Madagascar]] <br />
[[Malawi]] <br />
[[Malaysia]] <br />
[[Maldives]] <br />
[[Mali]] <br />
[[Malta]] <br />
[[Marshall Islands]] <br />
[[Mauritania]] <br />
[[Mauritius]] <br />
[[Mexico]] <br />
[[Federated States of Micronesia]] <br />
[[Moldova]] <br />
[[Monaco]] <br />
[[Mongolia]] <br />
[[Montenegro]] <br />
[[Morocco]] <br />
[[Mozambique]] <br />
[[Namibia]] <br />
[[Nauru]] <br />
[[Nepal]] <br />
[[Netherlands]] <br />
New Zealand <br />
[[Nicaragua]] <br />
[[Niger]] <br />
[[Nigeria]] <br />
[[Niue]] <br />
[[North Macedonia]] <br />
[[Norway]] <br />
[[Oman]] <br />
[[Pakistan]] <br />
[[Palau]] <br />
[[Panama]] <br />
[[Papua New Guinea]] <br />
[[Paraguay]] <br />
[[Peru]] <br />
[[Philippines]] <br />
[[Poland]] <br />
[[Portugal]] <br />
[[Qatar]] <br />
[[Romania]] <br />
[[Russia]] <br />
[[Rwanda]] <br />
[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] <br />
[[Saint Lucia]] <br />
[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] <br />
[[Samoa]] <br />
[[San Marino]]
| style="width:25%; vertical-align:top;"|
[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] <br />
[[Saudi Arabia]] <br />
[[Senegal]] <br />
[[Serbia]] <br />
[[Seychelles]] <br />
[[Sierra Leone]] <br />
[[Singapore]] <br />
[[Slovakia]] <br />
[[Slovenia]] <br />
[[Solomon Islands]] <br />
[[Somalia]] (non-party to Kyoto) <br />
South Africa <br />
Spain <br />
[[Sri Lanka]] <br />
[[Sudan]] <br />
[[Suriname]] <br />
[[Sweden]] <br />
[[Switzerland]] <br />
[[Syria]] <br />
[[Tajikistan]] <br />
[[Tanzania]] <br />
[[Thailand]] <br />
[[Togo]] <br />
[[Tonga]] <br />
[[Trinidad and Tobago]] <br />
[[Tunisia]] <br />
[[Turkey]] <br />
[[Turkmenistan]] <br />
[[Tuvalu]] <br />
[[Uganda]] <br />
[[Ukraine]] <br />
[[United Arab Emirates]] <br />
United Kingdom <br />
United States (non-party to Kyoto) <br />
[[Uruguay]] <br />
[[Uzbekistan]] <br />
[[Vanuatu]] <br />
[[Venezuela]] <br />
[[Vietnam]] <br />
[[Yemen]] <br />
[[Zambia]] <br />
[[Zimbabwe]]
* '''Observers:'''
[[Andorra]] (non-party to Kyoto) <br />
[[Holy See]] (non-party to Kyoto)
|}
{{hidden end}}

===Non-ratification by the US===
The US signed the Protocol on 12 November 1998,<ref>{{cite web|title=Congressional Research Service Reports #98-349: Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol|url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/ern/01jul/98-349.php|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-date=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506234653/http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/ern/01jul/98-349.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> during the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] presidency. To become binding in the US, however, the treaty had to be ratified by the [[United States Senate|Senate]], which had already passed the 1997 non-binding [[Byrd-Hagel Resolution]], expressing disapproval of any international agreement that did not require developing countries to make emission reductions and "would seriously harm the economy of the United States". The resolution passed 95–0.<ref>Byrd-Hagel Resolution ({{cite web |url=http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html |title=Byrd-Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98) Expressing the Sense of the Senate Regarding Conditions for the U.S. Signing the Global Climate Change Treaty |access-date=2014-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626110143/http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html |archive-date=26 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }})</ref> Therefore, even though the [[Clinton administration]] signed the treaty,<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/11/kyoto/ "Clinton Hails Global Warming Pact"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502014031/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/11/kyoto/ |date=2 May 2009 }}. All Politics (CNN). 11 December 1997. Retrieved 5 November 2006.</ref> it was never submitted to the Senate for ratification.

At the outset of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], Senators [[Chuck Hagel]], [[Jesse Helms]], [[Larry Craig]], and [[Pat Roberts]] wrote a letter to [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] seeking to identify his position on the Kyoto Protocol and climate change policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ParlInfo - GRIEVANCE DEBATE: Environment: Greenhouse Policy|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22chamber/hansardr/2001-03-26/0103%22|access-date=2020-08-24|website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au}}</ref> In a letter dated March 13, 2001, President Bush responded that his "Administration takes the issue of global climate change very seriously", but that "I oppose the Kyoto Protocol because it exempts 80 percent of the world, including major population centers such as China and India, from compliance, and would cause serious harm to the U.S. economy. The Senate's vote, 95-0, shows that there is a clear consensus that the Kyoto Protocol is an unfair and ineffective means of addressing global climate change concerns."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Text of a Letter From The President|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html|access-date=2020-08-24|website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov|archive-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073329/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The administration also questioned the scientific certainty around climate change and cited potential harms of emissions reduction to the US economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dessler |first=Andrew E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ivw7EAAAQBAJ |title=Introduction to Modern Climate Change |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-84018-7 |pages=234 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Tyndall Centre]] for Climate Change Research reported in 2001:<blockquote>This policy reversal received a massive wave of criticism that was quickly picked up by the international media. Environmental groups blasted the White House, while Europeans and Japanese alike expressed deep concern and regret. ... Almost all world leaders (e.g. China, Japan, South Africa, Pacific Islands, etc.) expressed their disappointment at Bush's decision.<ref name="Dessai 2001 5–6">{{harvnb|Dessai|2001|pp=5–6}}</ref></blockquote>In response to this criticism, Bush stated: "I was responding to reality, and reality is the nation has got a real problem when it comes to energy". The Tyndall Centre called this "an overstatement used to cover up the big benefactors of this policy reversal, i.e., the US oil and coal industry, which has a powerful lobby with the administration and conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] congressmen."<ref name="Dessai 2001 5–6"/>

As of 2023, the US is the only signatory that has not ratified the Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|website=treaties.un.org|access-date=27 December 2014|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008095709/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> The US accounted for 36.1% of emissions in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiner |first1=John Barlow |last2=Bankobeza |first2=Gilbert |last3=Block |first3=Kitty |last4=Fraenkel |first4=Amy |last5=Hobgood |first5=Teresa |last6=Mattice |first6=Alice |last7=Wagner |first7=David W. |date=2003 |title=International Environmental Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40707857 |journal=The International Lawyer |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=575–587 |jstor=40707857 |issn=0020-7810 |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627045357/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40707857 |url-status=live }}</ref> As such, for the treaty to go into legal effect without US ratification, it would require a coalition including the EU, Russia, Japan, and small parties. A deal, without the US Administration, was reached in the Bonn climate talks (COP-6.5), held in 2001.<ref>{{harvnb|Dessai|2001|pp=5–10}}</ref>

===Withdrawal of Canada===

{{Main|Kyoto Protocol and government action#Withdrawal of Canada}}
{{See also|Canada and the Kyoto Protocol}}

In 2011, Canada, Japan and Russia stated that they would not take on further Kyoto targets.<ref name=canadaguardian>{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-pulls-out-kyoto-protocol
|title=Canada pulls out of Kyoto protocol
|work=The Guardian
|access-date=13 December 2011
|date=13 December 2011
|archive-date=17 December 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217115504/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-pulls-out-kyoto-protocol
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The Canadian government announced its withdrawal—possible at any time three years after ratification—from the Kyoto Protocol on 12 December 2011, effective 15 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1100802--canada-withdrawing-from-kyoto?bn=1#article
|title=Canada withdrawing from Kyoto
|work=The Toronto Star
|date=12 December 2011
|access-date=12 December 2011
|archive-date=7 January 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107231408/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1100802--canada-withdrawing-from-kyoto?bn=1#article
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Canada was committed to cutting its greenhouse emissions to 6% below 1990 levels by 2012, but in 2009 emissions were 17% higher than in 1990. The [[Stephen Harper|Harper]] government prioritized [[oil sands]] development in Alberta, and deprioritized the reduction of greenhouse emissions. Environment minister [[Peter Kent]] cited Canada's liability to "enormous financial penalties" under the treaty unless it withdrew.<ref name=canadaguardian/><ref>{{cite news
 |url          = http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/13/canada-to-pull-out-of-kyoto-protocol/
 |title        = Canada to pull out of Kyoto protocol
 |agency       = Reuters
 |newspaper    = Financial Post
 |first1       = David
 |last1        = Ljunggren
 |first2       = Randall
 |last2        = Palmer
 |date         = 13 December 2011
 |access-date  = 9 January 2012
 |archive-date = 9 January 2012
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120109011937/http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/13/canada-to-pull-out-of-kyoto-protocol/
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref> He also suggested that the recently signed [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Durban agreement]] may provide an alternative way forward.<ref name="bbc canada withdrawal">{{cite news
|title=Canada under fire over Kyoto protocol exit
|newspaper=BBC News
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16165033
|date=13 December 2011
|access-date=22 June 2018
|archive-date=19 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119061022/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16165033
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The Harper government claimed it would find a "Made in Canada" solution. Canada's decision received a generally negative response from representatives of other ratifying countries.<ref name="bbc canada withdrawal"/>

===Other states and territories where the treaty was not applicable===
Andorra, [[Palestine]], [[South Sudan]], the United States and, following their withdrawal on 15 December 2012, Canada are the only UNFCCC Parties that are not party to the Protocol. Furthermore, the Protocol is not applied to UNFCCC observer the [[Holy See]]. Although the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] approved the protocol for the whole Kingdom, it did not deposit an instrument of ratification for Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten or the [[Caribbean Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minbuza.nl/en/key-topics/treaties/search-the-treaty-database/1997/12/008415.html|work=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)]]|title=Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203014400/http://www.minbuza.nl/en/key-topics/treaties/search-the-treaty-database/1997/12/008415.html|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>