Editing Konrad Adenauer (section)

=== Fourth government ===
[[File:Kennedy, Brandt und Adenauer - geo.hlipp.de - 26870.jpg|thumb|U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Willy Brandt]], and Adenauer at Berlin Wall in 1963]]
In 1961, Adenauer had his concerns about both the status of Berlin and US leadership confirmed, as the Soviets and East Germans built the Berlin Wall. Adenauer had come into the year distrusting the new US president, [[John F. Kennedy]]. He doubted Kennedy's commitment to a free Berlin and a unified Germany and considered him undisciplined and naïve.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kempe |first=Frederick |title=Berlin 1961 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) |isbn=978-0-399-15729-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/98 98] |url=https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/98 }}</ref> For his part, Kennedy thought that Adenauer was a relic of the past. Their strained relationship impeded effective Western action on Berlin during 1961.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kempe |first=Frederick |title=Berlin 1961 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) |isbn=978-0-399-15729-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/101 101] |url=https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/101 }}</ref>

The construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] in August 1961 and the sealing of borders by the East Germans made Adenauer's government look weak. Adenauer continued his campaign trail and made a disastrous misjudgement in a speech on 14 August 1961 in [[Regensburg]] with a personal attack on the SPD lead candidate [[Willy Brandt]], Lord Mayor of West-Berlin, saying that Brandt's illegitimate birth had disqualified him from holding any sort of office.{{sfn|Granieri|2004|p=135}} After failing to keep their majority in the general election on 17 September, the CDU/CSU again needed to include the FDP in a coalition government. Adenauer was forced to make two concessions: to relinquish the chancellorship before the end of the new term, his fourth, and to replace his foreign minister.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=494|loc=Foreign Minister [[Heinrich von Brentano]] was considered too subservient to the Chancellor and [[Gerhard Schröder (CDU)|Gerhard Schröder]] became foreign minister [Williams, p. 495}} In his last years in office, Adenauer used to take a nap after lunch and, when he was traveling abroad and had a public function to attend, he sometimes asked for a bed in a room close to where he was supposed to be speaking, so that he could rest briefly before he appeared.<ref name="John Gunther">[[John Gunther]]: ''Inside Europe Today'', Harper and Brothers, New York, 1961; Library of Congress catalog card number: 61-9706</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F015892-0010, Bonn, Konrad Adenauer und Charles de Gaulle.jpg|thumb|Adenauer with French president Charles de Gaulle (1963)]]

During this time, Adenauer came into conflict with the Economics Minister [[Ludwig Erhard]] over the depth of German integration to the West. Erhard was in favor of allowing Britain to join to create a trans-Atlantic free trade zone, while Adenauer was for strengthening ties amongst the original founding six nations of West Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy.{{sfn|Granieri|2004|p=153}} In Adenauer's viewpoint, the Cold War meant that the NATO alliance with the United States and Britain was essential, but there could be no deeper integration into a trans-Atlantic community beyond the existing military ties as that would lead to a "mishmash" between different cultural systems that would be doomed to failure.{{sfn|Granieri|2004|pp=154–155}} Though Adenauer had tried to get Britain to join the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] in 1951–52, by the early 1960s Adenauer had come to share General de Gaulle's belief that Britain simply did not belong in the EEC.{{sfn|Granieri|2004|p=155}} The [[Élysée Treaty]] was signed in January 1963 to solidify relations with France.

In October 1962, [[Spiegel scandal|a scandal erupted]] when police arrested five ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' journalists, charging them with espionage for publishing a memo detailing weaknesses in the West German armed forces. Adenauer had not initiated the arrests, but initially defended the person responsible, Defense Minister [[Franz Josef Strauss]], and called the Spiegel memo "abyss of treason". After public outrage and heavy protests from the coalition partner FDP he dismissed Strauss, but the reputation of Adenauer and his party had already suffered.<ref>Eleanor L. Turk, ''The history of Germany'' (1999) p. 154</ref><ref>Ronald F. Bunn, ''German politics and the Spiegel affair: a case study of the Bonn system'' (1968) pp. 159–60</ref>

[[File:Konrad Adenauer - 14. CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG|thumb|Adenauer delivering a speech at the March 1966 CDU party rally, one year before his death]]

Adenauer managed to remain in office for almost another year, but the scandal increased the pressure already on him to fulfill his promise to resign before the end of the term. Adenauer was not on good terms in his last years of power with his economics minister [[Ludwig Erhard]] and tried to block him from the chancellorship. In January 1963, Adenauer privately supported General [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s veto of Britain's attempt to join the [[European Economic Community]], and was only prevented from saying so openly by the need to preserve unity in his cabinet as most of his ministers led by Erhard supported Britain's application.<ref>Jenkins, Roy. ''Portraits and Miniatures'', London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 83</ref> A [[Francophile]], Adenauer saw a Franco-German partnership as the key for European peace and prosperity and shared de Gaulle's view that Britain would be a disputative force in the EEC.<ref>Jenkins, Roy. ''Portraits and Miniatures'', London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 97</ref> Adenauer failed in his efforts to block Erhard as his successor, and in October 1963 he turned the office over to Erhard. He remained chairman of the CDU until his resignation in December 1966.{{sfn|Granieri|2004|p=191}}

Adenauer ensured a generally free and democratic society, and laid the groundwork for Germany to re-enter the community of nations and to evolve as a dependable member of the Western world. The British historian [[Frederick Taylor (historian)|Frederick Taylor]] argued that in many ways the Adenauer era was a transition period in values and viewpoints from the authoritarianism that characterized Germany in the first half of the 20th century to the more democratic values that characterized the western half of Germany in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>Taylor, Frederick ''Exorcising Hitler'', London: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 page 371.</ref>