Editing Jerusalem (section)

===Climate===
[[File:העיר העתיקה בירושלים בלבן.jpg|thumb|Snow visible on roofs in the Old City of Jerusalem]]
The city is characterized by a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa''), with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy [[snowfall]] every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation.

January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of {{cvt|9.1|°C|1}}; July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of {{cvt|24.2|°C|1}}, and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around {{cvt|537|mm|in|0}}, with rain occurring almost entirely between October and May.<ref name=weather>{{cite web |title=Mean Daily Sunshine on each month for Jerusalem, Israel |publisher=The Weather Channel |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business |access-date=7 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114085738/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business |archive-date=14 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Snowfall is rare, and large snowfalls are even more rare.<ref name=snow2013-1>{{cite news |title=Roads to Jerusalem closed as huge storm batters Israel |first=Yaakov |last=Lappin |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=13 December 2013 |url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Police-IDF-called-in-to-help-motorists-stranded-in-snow-in-Jerusalem-BG-Airport-shut-temporarily-334920 |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425111635/https://www.jpost.com///national-news/police-idf-called-in-to-help-motorists-stranded-in-snow-in-jerusalem-bg-airport-shut-temporarily-334920 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=snow2013-2>{{cite news |title=Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot |first=Jason |last=Samenow |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 December 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233952/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jerusalem received over {{cvt|30|cm|in}} of snow on 13 December 2013, which nearly paralyzed the city.<ref name=snow2013-1/><ref name=snow2013-2/> A day in Jerusalem has on average, 9.3 sunshine hours. With summers averaging similar temperatures as the coastline, the maritime influence from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] is strong, in particular given that Jerusalem is located on a similar latitude as scorching hot deserts not far to its east.

The highest recorded temperature in Jerusalem was {{cvt|44.4|°C|1}} on 28 and 30 August 1881, and the lowest temperature recorded was {{cvt|−6.7|°C|1}} on 25 January 1907.

Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.<ref name=friction>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: Points of Friction-And Beyond |last=Ma'oz |first=Moshe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2000 |author2=Sari Nusseibeh |isbn=978-90-411-8843-4 |pages=44–46}}</ref> Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more [[carbon monoxide]] released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the [[Israeli coastal plain|Israeli Mediterranean coast]] can travel eastward and settle over the city.<ref name=friction/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Worst ozone pollution in Beit Shemesh, Gush Etzion |author=Rory Kess |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=16 September 2007 |access-date=23 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624112024/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref>

{{Weather box|location=Jerusalem (1991–2020 normals)
|metric first= yes
|single line=Y
|Jan record high C = 24.4
|Feb record high C = 27.5
|Mar record high C = 32.7
|Apr record high C = 35.6
|May record high C = 38.6
|Jun record high C = 38.4
|Jul record high C = 40.6
|Aug record high C = 44.4
|Sep record high C = 42.7
|Oct record high C = 36.5
|Nov record high C = 30.5
|Dec record high C = 28.5
|year record high C = 44.4
|Jan high C = 12.7
|Feb high C = 14.0
|Mar high C = 17.4
|Apr high C = 22.0
|May high C = 26.2
|Jun high C = 28.6
|Jul high C = 30.0
|Aug high C = 30.3
|Sep high C = 28.9
|Oct high C = 25.9
|Nov high C = 19.9
|Dec high C = 14.9
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 9.8
|Feb mean C = 10.7
|Mar mean C = 13.4
|Apr mean C = 17.3
|May mean C = 21.2
|Jun mean C = 23.5
|Jul mean C = 25.0
|Aug mean C = 25.3
|Sep mean C = 24.0
|Oct mean C = 21.6
|Nov mean C = 16.4
|Dec mean C = 11.9
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 6.7
|Feb low C = 7.3
|Mar low C = 9.5
|Apr low C = 12.5
|May low C = 16.2
|Jun low C = 18.3
|Jul low C = 20.0
|Aug low C = 20.2
|Sep low C = 19.1
|Oct low C = 17.3
|Nov low C = 12.9
|Dec low C = 8.8
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -6.7
|Feb record low C = -2.5
|Mar record low C = -0.3
|Apr record low C = 0.8
|May record low C = 7.6
|Jun record low C = 11.0
|Jul record low C = 14.6
|Aug record low C = 15.5
|Sep record low C = 13.2
|Oct record low C = 9.8
|Nov record low C = 1.8
|Dec record low C = -0.4
|year record low C = -6.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 136.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 117.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 67.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 21.8
|May precipitation mm = 7.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 10.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 51.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 112.3
|year precipitation mm = 
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 9.2
|Feb precipitation days = 8.5
|Mar precipitation days = 6.2
|Apr precipitation days = 2.4
|May precipitation days = 0.8
|Jun precipitation days = 0.0
|Jul precipitation days = 0.0
|Aug precipitation days = 0.0
|Sep precipitation days = 0.2
|Oct precipitation days = 1.9
|Nov precipitation days = 4.7
|Dec precipitation days = 7.7
|year precipitation days = 
|Jan humidity = 61
|Feb humidity = 59
|Mar humidity = 52
|Apr humidity = 39
|May humidity = 35
|Jun humidity = 37
|Jul humidity = 40
|Aug humidity = 40
|Sep humidity = 40
|Oct humidity = 42
|Nov humidity = 48
|Dec humidity = 56
|Jan sun = 192.9
|Feb sun = 243.6
|Mar sun = 226.3
|Apr sun = 266.6
|May sun = 331.7
|Jun sun = 381.0
|Jul sun = 384.4
|Aug sun = 365.8
|Sep sun = 309.0
|Oct sun = 275.9
|Nov sun = 228.0
|Dec sun = 192.2
|year sun = 3397.4
|source 1=[[Israel Meteorological Service]] (records until 1990)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |title=Long Term Climate Information for Israel |date=August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |archive-date=14 September 2010}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Record Data in Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024203/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael |archive-date=24 January 2010}}{{in lang|he}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (normal values & records, 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Israel/CSV/JERUSALEM_40183.csv |title=WMO Climate Normals for Jerusalem 1991–2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112053004/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Israel/CSV/JERUSALEM_40183.csv |url-status=live }}</ref> (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/IS/40184.TXT |title=Jerusalem Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120155331/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/IS/40184.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=August 2016}}