Editing Informed consent (section)

===Research history===
Historians cite a series of [[human subject research]] experiments to trace the history of informed consent in research.

The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission "is considered the first research group in history to use consent forms."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cutter|first=Laura|title=Walter Reed, Yellow Fever, and Informed Consent|journal=Military Medicine|volume=181|issue=1|pages=90–91|doi=10.7205/milmed-d-15-00430|pmid=26741482|year=2016|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1900, Major [[Walter Reed]] was appointed head of the four man U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in [[Cuba]] that determined [[mosquito]]es were the vector for [[yellow fever]] transmission. His earliest experiments were probably done without formal documentation of informed consent. In later experiments he obtained support from appropriate military and administrative authorities. He then drafted what is now "one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents."<ref name="U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission">{{Cite news|url=http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/yellowfever/yellow-fever-commission-work/|title=The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba - U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission|work=U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission|access-date=2017-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> The three surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations; two have an individual's signature and one is marked with an X.<ref name="U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission"/>

''[[Tearoom Trade]]'' is the name of a book by American psychologist [[Laud Humphreys]]. In it he describes his research into male [[homosexual]] acts.<ref name="babbie">{{cite book|last=Babbie|first=Earl|title=The practice of social research|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780495598428|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage|location=Belmont, Calif|isbn=978-0495598411|edition=12th}}</ref> In conducting this research he never sought consent from his research subjects and other researchers raised concerns that he violated the right to [[privacy for research participants]].<ref name="babbie"/>

On January 29, 1951, shortly after the birth of her son Joseph, Henrietta Lacks entered Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore with profuse bleeding. She was diagnosed with aggressive cervical cancer and was treated with inserts of radium tubes. During her radiation treatments for the tumor, two samples—one of healthy cells, the other of malignant cells—were removed from her cervix without her knowledge or permission. There is no evidence that the doctor checked the cells for other conditions before passing them on for research. Later that year, 31-year-old Henrietta Lacks died from the cancer. Her cells were capable of surviving and dividing indefinitely when cultured, creating HeLa cells,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Beskow |first=Laura M. |date=2016-08-31 |title=Lessons from HeLa Cells: The Ethics and Policy of Biospecimens |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5072843/ |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=17 |pages=395–417 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022536 |issn=1545-293X |pmc=5072843 |pmid=26979405}}</ref> but the family, which was living in poverty, was not informed until 1973; the family learned the truth when scientists asked for DNA samples after finding that HeLa had contaminated other samples. In 2013, researchers published the genome without the Lacks family's consent. As a result of this incident, pushes were made for major changes in the US's process for informed consent in biospecimen research.<sup><ref name=":1" /></sup>

The [[Milgram experiment]] is the name of a 1961 experiment conducted by American psychologist [[Stanley Milgram]]. In the experiment Milgram had an authority figure order research participants to commit a disturbing act of harming another person.<ref name="baumrind">{{Cite journal | last1 = Baumrind | first1 = D. | title = Some thoughts on ethics of research: After reading Milgram's "Behavioral Study of Obedience." | doi = 10.1037/h0040128 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 421–423 | year = 1964 }}</ref> After the experiment he would reveal that he had deceived the participants and that they had not hurt anyone, but the research participants were upset at the experience of having participated in the research.<ref name="baumrind"/> The experiment raised broad discussion on the ethics of recruiting participants for research without giving them full information about the nature of the research.<ref name="baumrind"/>

[[Chester M. Southam]] used HeLa cells to inject into cancer patients and [[Ohio State Penitentiary]] inmates without informed consent to determine if people could become immune to cancer and if cancer could be transmitted.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Skloot|first1=Rebecca|title=[[The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks]]|date=2010|publisher=Broadway Paperbacks|location=New York|page=130}}</ref>