Editing Igbo language (section)

== Present state ==
[[File:Church of the Visitation 14.jpg|thumb|The [[Magnificat]] in Igbo translation ([[Church of the Visitation]], Jerusalem)]]
There are some discussions as to whether the Igbo language is in danger of extinction, advanced in part by a 2006 [[UNESCO]] report that predicted the Igbo language will become extinct within 50 years.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Asonye |first=Emma |date=2013 |title=UNESCO Prediction of the Igbo Language Death: Facts and Fables |url=http://www.academix.ng/documents/papers/1463491669_1870.pdf |journal=Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria |volume=16 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=91–98}}</ref> Professor of African and African Diaspora Literatures at University of Massachusetts, Chukwuma Azuonye, emphasizes indicators for the endangerment of the Igbo language based on criteria that includes the declining population of monolingual elderly speakers; reduced competence and performance among Igbo speakers, especially children; the deterioration of idioms, proverbs, and other rhetorical elements of the Igbo language that convey the cultural aesthetic; and [[code-switching]], [[code-mixing]], and [[language shift]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Azuonye |first=Chukwuma |date=2002 |title=Igbo as an Endangered Language |url=http://scholarworks.umb.edu/africana_faculty_pubs/17 |journal=Africana Studies Faculty Publication Series |volume=17 |pages=41–68}}</ref>

External and internal factors have been proposed as causes for the decline of the Igbo language and its usage. Preference for the English language in post-colonial Nigeria has usurped the Igbo language's role and function in society,<ref name=":13" /> as English is perceived by Igbo speakers as the language of status and opportunity.<ref name=":13" /> This perception may be a contributor to the negative attitude towards the Igbo language by its speakers across the spectrum of socio-economic classes.<ref name=":03" /> Igbo children's reduced competence and performance has been attributed in part to the lack of exposure in the home environment, which impacts intergenerational transmission of the language.<ref name=":13" /> English is the official language in Nigeria and is utilized in government administration, educational institutions, and commerce. Aside from its role in numerous facets of daily life in Nigeria, globalization exerts pressure to utilize English as a universal standard language in support of economic and technological advancement.<ref name=":03" /> A 2005 study by Igboanusi and Peter demonstrated the preferential attitude towards English over the Igbo language amongst Igbo people in the communication, entertainment, and media domains. English was preferred by Igbo speakers at 56.5% for oral communication, 91.5% for written communication, 55.5–59.5% in entertainment, and 73.5–83.5% for media.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Igboanusi |first=Herbert |date=2008 |title=Is Igbo an endangered language? |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/mult.2006.25.issue-4/multi.2006.023/multi.2006.023.xml |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=443–452 |doi=10.1515/MULTI.2006.023 |s2cid=145225091}}</ref>

The effect of English on Igbo languages amongst bilingual Igbo speakers can be seen by the incorporation of English loanwords into Igbo and code-switching between the two languages. English loanwords, which are usually nouns, have been found to retain English semantics, but typically follow phonological and morphological structures of Igbo. Lexical items conform to the vowel harmony intrinsic to Igbo phonological structures. For example, loanwords with syllable-final consonants may be assimilated by the addition of a vowel after the consonant, and vowels are inserted in between consonant clusters, which have not been found to occur in Igbo.<ref name=":4" /> This can be seen in the word ''sukulu'', which is a loanword derived from the English word school that has followed the aforementioned pattern of modification when it was assimilated into the Igbo language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ikekeonwu |first=Clara I. |date=Winter 1982 |title=Borrowings and Neologisms in Igbo |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=480–486 |jstor=30027647}}</ref> Code-switching, which involves the insertion of longer English syntactic units into Igbo utterances, may consist of phrases or entire sentences, principally nouns and verbs, that may or may not follow Igbo syntactic patterns. Igbo affixes to English verbs determine tense and aspectual markers, such as the Igbo suffix -i affixed to the English word 'check', expressed as the word ''check-i''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Akere |first=Funso |date=1981 |title=Sociolinguistic consequences of language contact: English versus Nigerian Languages |journal=Language Sciences |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=283–304 |doi=10.1016/S0388-0001(81)80003-4}}</ref>

{{anchor|Standard Igbo}}The standardized Igbo language is composed of fragmented features from numerous Igbo dialects and is not technically a spoken language, but it is used in communicational, educational, and academic contexts. This unification is perceived by Chukwuma Azuonye as undermining the survival of Igbo by erasing diversity between dialects.<ref name=":13" /> Each individual dialect possesses unique untranslatable idioms and rhetorical devices that represent Igbo cultural nuances that can be lost as dialects disappear or deteriorate.<ref name=":13" /> Newly coined terms may fail to conform to a dialect's lexical formation in assimilating loan words.<ref name=":13" />

Proverbs are an essential component of the Igbo language that convey cultural wisdom and contextual significance to linguistic expression. Everyday usage of Igbo proverbs has declined in recent generations of speakers, which threatens loss in intergenerational transmission.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emeka-Nwobia |first=Ngozi Ugo |title=Handbook of the Changing World Language Map |date=2018 |publisher=Springer International |isbn=978-3-319-73400-2 |editor-last=Brunn |editor-first=Stanley D |pages=1–13 |language=en |chapter=Language Endangerment in Nigeria: The Resilience of Igbo Language |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_33-1 |editor-last2=Kehrein |editor-first2=Roland |s2cid=158553159}}</ref> A recent study of the Ogwashi dialect of Igbo demonstrated a steep decline in youth's knowledge and use of proverbs compared to elder speakers.<ref name=":13" /> In this study, youths employed simplified or incomplete proverbial expressions, lacked a diverse proverbial repertoire, and were deficient in their understanding of proper contextual usages as compared to elders who demonstrated competence to enhance linguistic expression with a diverse vocabulary of proverbs.<ref name=":13" />