Editing Hypertension (section)

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Hypertension World Map Men 2014.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Rates of hypertension in adult men in 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Blood Pressure |url= https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=22 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170418053459/http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence/en/ |archive-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>]]
[[File:Hypertensive heart disease world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for [[hypertensive heart disease]] per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004:<ref name="Ref_2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=11 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111101009/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |archive-date=11 November 2009 }}</ref>
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===Adults===
{{As of|2019}}, one in three or 33% of the [[world population]] were estimated to have hypertension.<ref name="WHOreport2023">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081062 |title=Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer |date=2023-09-19 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |isbn=978-92-4-008106-2|location=Geneva}}</ref><ref name="NCD2021">{{Cite journal |collaboration=NCD Risk Factor Collaboration |last1=Ezzati |first1=Majid |last2=Zhou |first2=Bin |last3=Carrillo-Larco |first3=Rodrigo M |last4=Danaei |first4=Goodarz |last5=Riley |first5=Leanne M |last6=Paciorek |first6=Christopher J |last7=Stevens |first7=Gretchen A |last8=Gregg |first8=Edward W |last9=Bennett |first9=James E |display-authors = 5 |date=2021-09-11 |title=Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=398 |issue=10304 |pages=957–980 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=8446938 |pmid=34450083 |s2cid=237286310 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Of all people with hypertension, about 46% do not have a diagnosis of hypertension and are unaware that they have the condition.<ref name="WHO2023"/><ref name="WHOreport2023"/> In 1975, almost 600 million people had a diagnosis of hypertension, a number which increased to 1.13 billion by 2015 mostly due to risk factors for hypertension increasing in low- and middle-income countries.<ref name="WHO2023"/>

Hypertension is slightly more frequent in men.<ref name="NCD2021"/> In people aged under 50 years, more men than women have hypertension,<ref name="NCD2021"/> and in ages above 50 years the prevalence of hypertension is the same in men and women.<ref name="NCD2021"/> In ages above 65 years, more women than men have hypertension.<ref name="ESH2023"/> Hypertension becomes more common with age.<ref name=Lancet2015/> Hypertension is common in high, medium, and low-income countries.<ref name=WHO2023/><ref name="Lack2015"/> It is more common in people of low [[socioeconomic status]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leng |first1=Bing |last2=Jin |first2=Yana |last3=Li |first3=Ge |last4=Chen |first4=Ling |last5=Jin |first5=Nan |date=February 2015 |title=Socioeconomic status and hypertension: a meta-analysis |url=https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/abstract/2015/02000/socioeconomic_status_and_hypertension__a.4.aspx |journal=Journal of Hypertension |language=en-US |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=221–229 |doi=10.1097/HJH.0000000000000428 |pmid=25479029 |issn=0263-6352}}</ref> Hypertension is around twice as common in [[diabetic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM | title = Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms | journal = The Canadian Journal of Cardiology | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 575–584 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29459239 | pmc = 5953551 | doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.005 }}</ref>

In 2019, rates of diagnosed hypertension were highest in Africa (30% for both sexes), and lowest in the Americas (18% for both sexes).<ref name="NCD2021" /> Rates also vary markedly within regions with country-level rates as low as 22.8% (men) and 18.4% (women) in Peru and as high as 61.6% (men) and 50.9% (women) in Paraguay.<ref name="NCD2021" />

In 1995 it was estimated that 24% of the United States population had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication.<ref name="pmid7875754">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D | title = Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991 | journal = Hypertension | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–313 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7875754 | doi = 10.1161/01.HYP.25.3.305 | s2cid = 23660820 }}</ref> By 2004 this had increased to 29%<ref name="pmid7607734" /><ref name="pmid17608879">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carroll M, Yoon S | title = Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004 | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 55 | issue = 7 | pages = 1056–1065 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17608879 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x | s2cid = 27522876 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230667 }}</ref> and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017.<ref name="AHA2017" /> In 2017, with the American guidelines' change in definition for hypertension, 46% of people in the United States are affected.<ref name="AHA2017" /> Some data shows African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%.<ref name="AHA2010" /> However, other research argues there has been a "myopic perspective" on American data and notes that other groups, particularly Russians and Eastern Europeans, have markedly higher rates of hypertension than Black Americans.<ref>Cooper RS, Forrester TE, Plange-Rhule J, Bovet P, Lambert EV, Dugas LR, Cargill KE, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Shoham DA, Tong L, Cao G, Luke A. Elevated hypertension risk for African-origin populations in biracial societies: modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study. J Hypertens. 2015 Mar;33(3):473-80; discussion 480-1. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000429. PMID: 25426566; PMCID: PMC4476314.</ref> Differences in hypertension rates are multifactorial and under study.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frohlich ED | title = Epidemiological issues are not simply black and white | journal = Hypertension | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 546–547 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21911712 | doi = 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.178541 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Children===
Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States.<ref name="pmid19421783">{{cite journal | vauthors = Falkner B | title = Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history | journal = Pediatric Nephrology | volume = 25 | issue = 7 | pages = 1219–1224 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 19421783 | pmc = 2874036 | doi = 10.1007/s00467-009-1200-3 }}</ref> Childhood hypertension, particularly in pre-adolescents, is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases.<ref name=aafp>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luma GB, Spiotta RT | title = Hypertension in children and adolescents | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 73 | issue = 9 | pages = 1558–1568 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16719248 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060501/1558.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230038/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060501/1558.html | url-status = live | archive-date = 26 September 2007 }}</ref>