Editing Hyksos (section)

===Trade and economy===
[[File:"Tell el-Yahudiya" Vase in the Shape of a Duck MET 23.3.40 left.jpg|thumb|upright|An example of Egyptian [[Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware]], a Levantine-influenced style.]]
The early period of Hyksos presence established their capital of Avaris "as the commercial capital of the Delta".{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=129}} The trading relations of the Hyksos were mainly with [[Canaan]] and [[Cyprus]].{{sfn|Bourriau|2000|p=182}}{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=138–139, 142}} Trade with Canaan is said to have been "intensive", especially with many imports of Canaanite wares, and may have reflected the Canaanite origins of the dynasty.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=138–139}} Trade was mostly with the cities of the northern Levant, but connections with the southern Levant also developed.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=216}} Additionally, trade was conducted with [[Faiyum]], [[Memphis (Egypt)|Memphis]], oases in Egypt, [[Nubia]], and [[Mesopotamia]].{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=129}} Trade relations with Cyprus were also very important, particularly at the end of the Hyksos period.{{sfn|Bourriau|2000|p=182}}{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=141}} Aaron Burke has interpreted the equid burials in Avaris of evidence that the people buried with them were involved in the caravan trade.{{sfn|Burke|2019|p=80}} Anna-Latifa Mourad argues that "Hyksos were particularly interested in opening new avenues of trade, securing strategic posts in the eastern Delta that could give access to land-based and sea-based trade routes."{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=129}} These include the apparent Hyksos settlements of Tell el-Habwa I and [[Tell el-Maskhuta]] in the eastern Delta.{{sfn|Mourad|2015|pp=129–130}}

According to the [[Kamose]] stelae, the Hyksos imported "chariots and horses, ships, timber, gold, lapis lazuli, silver, turquoise, bronze, axes without number, oil, incense, fat and honey".{{sfn|Bourriau|2000|p=182}} The Hyksos also exported large quantities of material looted from southern Egypt, especially Egyptian sculptures, to the areas of Canaan and [[Syria]].{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=138–139}} These transfers of Egyptian artifacts to the Near East may especially be attributed to king [[Apepi (pharaoh)|Apepi]].{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=138–139}} The Hyksos also produced local, Levantine-influenced industries, such as [[Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware]].{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=129}}

There is little evidence of trade between [[Upper Egypt|Upper]] and [[Lower Egypt]] during the Hyksos period, and Manfred Bietak proposes that there was "a mutual trade boycott". Bietak proposes that this decreased the Hyksos ability to trade with the Mediterranean and weakened their economy.{{sfn|Bietak|2012|p=5}}