Editing Hybrid (biology) (section)

==Different taxa==
{{Anchor|Hybrid animals}}

===In animals===
{{Further|List of genetic hybrids}}

==== Mammals ====
Familiar examples of [[equid hybrid]]s are the mule, a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, and the hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Pairs of complementary types like the mule and hinny are called reciprocal hybrids.<ref name="Griesbach">{{cite journal |last1=Griesbach |first1=Robert J. |title=That Reciprocal Cross — Is It a Mule or Hinny? |url= http://www.aos.org/AOS/media/Content-Images/PDFs/Judges%20Forum/Griesbach_Robert_ThatReciprocalCross_word_.pdf |journal=Awards Quarterly |date=1986 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=149 |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170320150300/http://www.aos.org/AOS/media/Content-Images/PDFs/Judges%20Forum/Griesbach_Robert_ThatReciprocalCross_word_.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Polar bear]]s and [[brown bear]]s are another case of a hybridizing species pairs,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1216424 |title=Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage |date=2012 |last1=Hailer |first1=F. |last2=Kutschera |first2=V. E. |last3=Hallstrom |first3=B. M. |last4=Klassert |first4=D. |last5=Fain |first5=S. R. |last6=Leonard |first6=J. A. |last7=Arnason |first7=U. |last8=Janke |first8=A. |s2cid=12671275 |journal=Science |volume=336 |issue=6079 |pages=344–347 |pmid=22517859 |bibcode=2012Sci...336..344H |hdl=10261/58578 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and [[introgression]] among non-sister species of bears appears to have shaped the [[Ursidae]] family tree.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kutschera |first1=V. E. |last2=Bidon |first2=T. |last3=Hailer |first3=F. |last4=Rodi |first4=J. |last5=Fain |first5=S. R. |last6=Janke |first6=A. |title=Bears in a forest of gene trees: phylogenetic inference is complicated by incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=2004–2017 |date=2014 |pmid=24903145 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu186|pmc=4104321}}</ref> Among many other mammal crosses are [[hybrid camel]]s, crosses between a [[bactrian camel]] and a [[dromedary camel|dromedary]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bulliet |first=R. W. |title=The Camel and the Wheel |url= https://archive.org/details/camelwheel0000bull |url-access=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1975 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/camelwheel0000bull/page/164 164–175] |isbn=9780674091306}}</ref> There are many examples of [[felid hybrid]]s, including the [[liger]]. The oldest-known animal hybrid bred by humans is the [[kunga (equid)|kunga]] equid hybrid produced as a draft animal and status symbol 4,500 years ago in [[Umm el-Marra]], present-day [[Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=Part donkey, part wild ass, the kunga is the oldest known hybrid bred by humans |url= https://www.sciencenews.org/article/kunga-donkey-wild-ass-hybrid-biology |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=Science News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Gamillo |first2=Elizabeth |title=This Ancient Wild Ass Was the Earliest Known Animal Hybrid Bred by Humans |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-mesopotamian-kungas-are-the-earliest-known-animal-hybrid-bred-by-humans-180979419/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The first known instance of hybrid speciation in marine mammals was discovered in 2014. The [[clymene dolphin]] (''Stenella clymene'') is a hybrid of two Atlantic species, the [[spinner dolphin|spinner]] and [[striped dolphin]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhanoo |first=Sindya |title=Scientists Find Rare Hybrid of Two Other Dolphin Species |url= http://nyti.ms/1aitQFT |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=20 January 2014 |date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200529005403/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/14/science/scientists-find-rare-hybrid-of-two-other-dolphin-species.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, scientists confirmed that a skull found 30 years earlier was a hybrid between the [[beluga whale]] and [[narwhal]], dubbed the [[narluga]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kovrind |first1=Mikkel |last2=eight others |title=Hybridization between two high Arctic cetaceans confirmed by genomic analysis |url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44038-0 |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200611014540/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44038-0 |archive-date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

==== Birds ====
{{see also|Bird hybrid}}

Hybridization between species is common in birds. Hybrid birds are purposefully bred by humans, but hybridization is also common in the wild. [[Waterfowl]] have a particularly high incidence of hybridization, with at least 60% of species known to produce hybrids with another species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ottenburghs |first1=Jente |last2=van Hooft |first2=Pim |last3=van Wieren |first3=Sipke E. |last4=Ydenberg |first4=Ronald C. |last5=Prins |first5=Herbert H.T. |title=Hybridization in geese: a review |journal=Frontiers in Zoology |date=2016 |volume=13 |issue=20|page=20 |doi=10.1186/s12983-016-0153-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=27182276 |pmc=4866292 }}</ref> Among [[ducks]], [[Anas platyrhynchos|mallards]] widely hybridize with many other species, and the genetic relationships between ducks are further complicated by the widespread gene flow between wild and domestic mallards.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lavretsky |first1=Philip |last2=Jansen |first2=Thijs |last3=McCracken |first3=Kevin G. |title=Identifying hybrids & the genomics of hybridization: Mallards & American black ducks of Eastern North America |journal=Ecology and Evolution |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=6|pages=3470–3490 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4981 |pmid=30962906 |pmc=6434578 |bibcode=2019EcoEv...9.3470L }}</ref>

One of the most common interspecific hybrids in [[geese]] occurs between Greylag and Canada geese ([[Anser anser]] x [[Branta canadensis]]). One potential mechanism for the occurrence of hybrids in these geese is interspecific [[nest parasitism]], where an egg is laid in the nest of another species to be raised by non-biological parents. The chick imprints upon and eventually seeks a mate among the species that raised it, instead of the species of its biological parents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ottenburghs |first1=Jente |last2=van Hooft |first2=Pim |last3=van Wieren |first3=Sipke E. |last4=Ydenberg |first4=Ronald C. |last5=Prins |first5=Herbert H.T. |title=Hybridization in geese: a review |journal=Frontiers in Zoology |date=2016 |volume=13 |issue=20|page=20 |doi=10.1186/s12983-016-0153-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=27182276 |pmc=4866292 }}</ref> 

Cagebird breeders sometimes breed bird hybrids known as [[Mule (bird)|mules]] between species of [[finch]], such as [[Carduelis|goldfinch]] × [[Domestic canary|canary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=British Mule/Hybrid |url= http://www.foreign-britishbirds.info/page12.html |publisher=Severn Counties Foreign & British Bird Society |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170505094012/http://www.foreign-britishbirds.info/page12.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Amphibians ====
Among amphibians, Japanese [[giant salamander]]s and Chinese giant salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese giant salamanders because of competition for similar resources in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.amphibians.org/news/godzilla-vs-godzilla-how-the-chinese-giant-salamander-is-taking-a-toll-on-its-japanese-comic-counterpart/ |title=Godzilla vs. Godzilla—How the Chinese Giant Salamander is taking a toll on its Japanese Comic Counterpart |publisher=Amphibians.org |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025117/http://www.amphibians.org/news/godzilla-vs-godzilla-how-the-chinese-giant-salamander-is-taking-a-toll-on-its-japanese-comic-counterpart/ |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Fish ====
Among fish, a group of about 50 natural hybrids between [[Australian blacktip shark]] and the larger [[Blacktip shark|common blacktip shark]] was found by Australia's eastern coast in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Voloder |first=Dubravka |title=Print Email Facebook Twitter More World-first hybrid sharks found off Australia |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-03/hybrid-sharks-found-off-australia/3757226?section=nsw |access-date=5 January 2012 |newspaper=ABC News |date=3 January 1012 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105060116/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-03/hybrid-sharks-found-off-australia/3757226?section=nsw |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Russian sturgeon]] and [[American paddlefish]] were hybridized in captivity when sperm from the paddlefish and eggs from the sturgeon were combined, unexpectedly resulting in viable offspring. This hybrid is called a [[sturddlefish]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Annie |date=15 July 2020 |title=Scientists Accidentally Bred the Fish Version of a Liger |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/science/hybrid-sturgeon-paddlefish.html |access-date=16 July 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200716210835/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/science/hybrid-sturgeon-paddlefish.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Káldy |first1=Jenő |last2=Mozsár |first2=Attila |last3=Fazekas |first3=Gyöngyvér |last4=Farkas |first4=Móni |last5=Fazekas |first5=Dorottya Lilla |last6=Fazekas |first6=Georgina Lea |last7=Goda |first7=Katalin |last8=Gyöngy |first8=Zsuzsanna |last9=Kovács |first9=Balázs |last10=Semmens |first10=Kenneth |last11=Bercsényi |first11=Miklós |date=6 July 2020 |title=Hybridization of Russian Sturgeon (''Acipenser gueldenstaedtii'', Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and American Paddlefish (''Polyodon spathula'', Walbaum 1792) and Evaluation of Their Progeny |journal=Genes |volume=11 |issue=7 |page=753 |doi=10.3390/genes11070753 |pmid=32640744 |pmc=7397225 |issn=2073-4425 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Cephalochordates====
The two genera ''[[Asymmetron]]'' and ''[[Branchiostoma]]'' are able to produce viable hybrid offspring, even if none have lived into adulthood so far, despite the parents' common ancestor living tens of millions of years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=João E. |last2=Lahaye |first2=François |last3=Schubert |first3=Michael |title=Keeping amphioxus in the laboratory: an update on available husbandry methods |journal=The International Journal of Developmental Biology |date=2017 |volume=61 |issue=10–11–12 |pages=773–783 |doi=10.1387/ijdb.170192ms |pmid=29319123 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02117411/document}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yue |first1=Jia-Xing |last2=Kozmikova |first2=Iryna |last3=Ono |first3=Hiroki |last4=Nossa |first4=Carlos W. |last5=Kozmik |first5=Zbynek |last6=Putnam |first6=Nicholas H. |last7=Yu |first7=Jr-Kai |last8=Holland |first8=Linda Z. |title=Conserved Noncoding Elements in the Most Distant Genera of Cephalochordates: The Goldilocks Principle |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=12 July 2016 |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=2387–2405 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evw158 |doi-access=free |pmid=27412606 |pmc=5010895 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/8/8/2387/2198128?login=false}}</ref>

====Insects====
Among insects, so-called [[Africanized bee|killer bees]] were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions. It was done by crossing a [[European honey bee]] and an [[African bee]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=H. Glenn |last2=Zettel-Nalen |first2=Catherine |last3=Ellis |first3=James D. |title=African Honey Bee: What You Need to Know |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg113 |publisher=University of Florida IFAS Extension |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080623084759/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG113 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Colias eurytheme]]'' and ''[[Colias philodice|C. philodice]]'' butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grula |first1=John W. |last2=Taylor |first2=Orley R. |date=1980 |title=The Effect of X-Chromosome Inheritance on Mate-Selection Behavior in the Sulfur Butterflies, Colias eurytheme and C. Philodice |journal=Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=688–95 |doi=10.2307/2408022|jstor=2408022 |pmid=28563983}}</ref> Hybrid speciation may have produced the diverse ''[[Heliconius]]'' [[butterfly|butterflies]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mallet |first1=J. |last2=Beltrán |first2=M. |last3=Neukirchen |first3=W. |last4=Linares |first4=M. |date=2007 |title=Natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies: The species boundary as a continuum |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-28 |pmid=17319954 |pmc=1821009 |bibcode=2007BMCEE...7...28M |doi-access=free}}</ref> but that is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brower |first=A. V. Z. |title=Hybrid speciation in ''Heliconius'' butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence |journal=Genetica |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=589–609 |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10709-010-9530-4 |pmid=21113790 |pmc=3089819}}</ref>

The two closely related harvester ant species ''Pogonomyrmex barbatus'' and ''Pogonomyrmex rugosus'' have evolved to depend on hybridization. When a queen fertilizes her eggs with sperm from males of her own species, the offspring is always new queens. And when she fertilizes the eggs with sperm from males of the other species, the offspring is always sterile worker ants (and because ants are [[Haplodiploidy|haplodiploid]], unfertilized eggs become males). Without mating with males of the other species, the queens are unable to produce workers, and will fail to establish a colony of their own.<ref>[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2014.1771 Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants]</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180px">
File:Zeedonk 800.jpg|A "[[Zebroid|zonkey]]", a zebra/donkey hybrid
File:Jaglion.jpg|A "[[jaglion]]", a jaguar/lion hybrid
File:Goldfinch Canary hybrid.JPG|A [[mule (bird)|domestic canary/goldfinch hybrid]]
</gallery>

{{Anchor|Hybrid plants}}

===In plants===
[[File:Platanus xhispanica in Lucenec9.jpg|thumb|upright|The London plane [[Platanus × hispanica|''Platanus'' × ''hispanica'']], is a natural hybrid, popular for street planting.]]
{{further|List of plant hybrids}}

Plant species hybridize more readily than animal species, and the resulting hybrids are fertile more often. Many plant species are the result of hybridization, combined with [[polyploidy]], which duplicates the chromosomes. Chromosome duplication allows orderly meiosis and so viable seed can be produced.<ref name="Goulet2016">{{cite journal |last1=Goulet |first1=Benjamin E. |last2=Roda |first2=Federico |last3=Hopkins |first3=Robin |title=Hybridization in Plants: Old Ideas, New Techniques |journal=Plant Physiology |date=2016 |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |doi=10.1104/pp.16.01340 |pmid=27895205 |pmc=5210733}}</ref>

[[Hybrid name|Plant hybrids are generally given names]] that include an "×" (not in italics), such as [[Platanus × hispanica|''Platanus'' × ''hispanica'']] for the London plane, a natural hybrid of ''[[Platanus orientalis|P. orientalis]]'' (oriental plane) and ''[[Platanus occidentalis|P. occidentalis]]'' (American sycamore).<ref>{{cite book |last1=McNeill |first1=J. |last2=Barrie |first2=F. R. |last3=Buck |first3=W. R. |last4=Demoulin |first4=V. |last5=Greuter |first5=W. |last6=Hawksworth |first6=D. L. |last7=Herendeen |first7=P. S. |last8=Knapp |first8=S. |last9=Marhold |first9=K. |last10=Prado |first10=J. |last11=Prud'homme Van Reine |first11=W. F. |last12=Smith |first12=G. F. |last13=Wiersema |first13=J. H. |last14=Turland |first14=N. J. |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner |date=2012 |isbn=9783874294256 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225103142/https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Columbia' and 'Liberty' Planetree |url= http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/platanus.pdf |publisher=U.S. National Arboretum |access-date=19 March 2017 |date=1999 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170315015908/http://www.usna.usda.gov/Newintro/platanus.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The parent's names may be kept in their entirety, as seen in [[Prunus persica × Prunus americana|''Prunus persica'' ×  ''Prunus americana'']], with the female parent's name given first, or if not known, the parent's names given alphabetically.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gledhill |first=David |date=2008 |title=The Names of Plants |url= https://epdf.tips/names-of-plants.html |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=23 |isbn=9780521685535 |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181120180210/https://epdf.tips/names-of-plants.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Plant species that are genetically compatible may not hybridize in nature for various reasons, including geographical isolation, differences in flowering period, or differences in [[pollinator]]s. Species that are brought together by humans in gardens may hybridize naturally, or hybridization can be facilitated by human efforts, such as altered flowering period or artificial pollination. Hybrids are sometimes created by humans to produce improved plants that have some of the characteristics of each of the parent species. Much work is now being done with hybrids between crops and their wild relatives to improve disease resistance or [[climate resilience]] for both agricultural and horticultural crops.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=E. |last2=Penmetsa |first2=R. V. |last3=Cook |first3=D. R. |last4=von Wettberg |first4=E. J. B. |title=Back to the wilds: Tapping evolutionary adaptations for resilient crops through systematic hybridization with crop wild relatives |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=8 October 2014 |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=1791–1800 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1400116 |pmid=25326621|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some [[list of plant hybrids|crop plants are hybrids]] from different genera (intergeneric hybrids), such as [[Triticale]], × ''Triticosecale'', a wheat–[[rye]] hybrid.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Clive A. Stace |date=1987 |title=Triticale: A Case of Nomenclatural Mistreatment |journal=Taxon |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=445–452 |jstor=1221447 |doi=10.2307/1221447|bibcode=1987Taxon..36..445S }}</ref> Most modern and ancient wheat breeds are themselves hybrids; [[bread wheat]], ''Triticum aestivum'', is a hexaploid hybrid of three wild grasses.<ref name="Gornicki" /> Several commercial fruits including [[loganberry]] (''Rubus'' × ''loganobaccus'')<ref>{{cite journal |last=Darrow |first=G.M. |date=1955 |title=Blackberry—raspberry hybrids |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106521}}</ref> and [[grapefruit]] (''Citrus'' × ''paradisi'')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carrington |first1=Sean |last2=Fraser |first2=Henry C. |title=A~Z of Barbados Heritage |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |isbn=9780333920688 |pages=90–91 |chapter=Grapefruit}}</ref> are hybrids, as are garden herbs such as [[peppermint]] (''Mentha'' × ''piperita''),<ref>{{cite web|title=Mint Genomics Resource: Species|url= http://langelabtools.wsu.edu/mgr/species|publisher=Lange Laboratory, Washington State University |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081239/http://langelabtools.wsu.edu/mgr/species|archive-date=21 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and trees such as the [[Platanus × hispanica|London plane]] (''Platanus'' × ''hispanica'').<ref>{{cite web |last=Hull |first=R. |date=2009 |title=A Short Guide to the London Plane |url= http://www.treetree.co.uk/treetree_downloads/The_London_Plane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191206082115/http://www.treetree.co.uk/treetree_downloads/The_London_Plane.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Venables |first=B. |date=4 March 2015 |title=The Secret History of the London Plane Tree |url= http://londonist.com/2015/03/the-secret-history-of-the-london-plane-tree |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160202074555/http://londonist.com/2015/03/the-secret-history-of-the-london-plane-tree |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=2 February 2016 |publisher=Londonist}}</ref> Among many natural plant hybrids is ''[[Iris albicans]]'', a sterile hybrid that spreads by rhizome division,<ref>{{cite web |title=Legacy Bulbs Six |url= http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/LegacyBulbsSix|publisher=Pacific Bulb Society |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161226211458/http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/LegacyBulbsSix |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Oenothera lamarckiana]]'', a flower that was the subject of important experiments by [[Hugo de Vries]] that produced an understanding of polyploidy.<ref name="Sirks2013">{{cite book |last=Sirks |first=M. J. |title=General Genetics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6dDoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA408 |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789401575874 |page=408 |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170320235024/https://books.google.com/books?id=6dDoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA408 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Trilliumhybrid2.jpg|A sterile hybrid between ''[[Trillium cernuum]]'' and ''[[Trillium grandiflorum|T.&nbsp;grandiflorum]]''{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
File:Lily Lilium 'Citronella' Flower.jpg|An ornamental lily hybrid known as ''Lilium'' 'Citronella'<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/LiliumHybrids |title=Lilium Hybrids |publisher=Pacific Bulb Society |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150311030853/http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/LiliumHybrids |url-status=live}}</ref>
</gallery>

Sterility in a non-polyploid hybrid is often a result of chromosome number; if parents are of differing chromosome pair number, the offspring will have an odd number of chromosomes, which leaves them unable to produce chromosomally balanced [[gamete]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.colorado.edu/MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes00/L0033.html |title=University of Colorado Principles of Genetics (MCDB 2150) Lecture 33: Chromosomal changes: Monosomy, Trisomy, Polyploidy, Structural Changes |publisher=[[University of Colorado]] |date=21 November 2000 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121014211310/http://www.colorado.edu/MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes00/L0033.html |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> While that is undesirable in a crop such as wheat, for which growing a crop that produces no seeds would be pointless, it is an attractive attribute in some fruits. [[Triploid]] [[banana]]s and [[watermelon]]s are intentionally bred because they produce no seeds and are also [[parthenocarpy|parthenocarpic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burr |first1=Benjamin |last2=Burr |first2=Frances |title=How do seedless fruits arise and how are they propagated? |journal=Scientific American |date=2 October 2000 |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-seedless-fruits-ar/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233815/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-seedless-fruits-ar/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===In fungi ===
Hybridization between [[Fungus|fungal]] species is common and well established, particularly in  [[yeast]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=del Olmo |first1=Valentina |last2=Mixão |first2=Verónica |last3=Fotedar |first3=Rashmi |last4=Saus |first4=Ester |last5=Al Malki |first5=Amina |last6=Księżopolska |first6=Ewa |last7=Nunez-Rodriguez |first7=Juan Carlos |last8=Boekhout |first8=Teun |last9=Gabaldón |first9=Toni |date=2023-10-30 |title=Origin of fungal hybrids with pathogenic potential from warm seawater environments |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6919 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-42679-4 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10616089 |pmid=37903766|bibcode=2023NatCo..14.6919D }}</ref> Yeast hybrids are widely found and used in human-related activities, such as [[brewing]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Brian |last2=Liti |first2=Gianni |date=September 2014 |title=Saccharomyces pastorianus : genomic insights inspiring innovation for industry: Saccharomyces pastorianus : genomic insights |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/yea.3033 |journal=Yeast |volume=32 |issue=1 |language=en |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1002/yea.3033|pmid=25088523 }}</ref> and [[winemaking]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Ramon |last2=Morales |first2=Pilar |date=May 2022 |title=Truth in wine yeast |journal=Microbial Biotechnology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1339–1356 |doi=10.1111/1751-7915.13848 |issn=1751-7915 |pmc=9049622 |pmid=34173338}}</ref> The production of [[Lager|lager beers]] for instance are known to be carried out by the yeast ''[[Saccharomyces pastorianus]]'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Bond |first=Ursula |title=Chapter 6 The Genomes of Lager Yeasts |date=2009 |series=Advances in Applied Microbiology |volume=69 |pages=159–182 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(09)69006-7 |access-date=2024-06-26 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/s0065-2164(09)69006-7|pmid=19729094 |isbn=978-0-12-374824-9 }}</ref> a [[cryotolerant]] hybrid between ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' and ''[[Saccharomyces eubayanus]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Libkind |first1=Diego |last2=Hittinger |first2=Chris Todd |last3=Valério |first3=Elisabete |last4=Gonçalves |first4=Carla |last5=Dover |first5=Jim |last6=Johnston |first6=Mark |last7=Gonçalves |first7=Paula |last8=Sampaio |first8=José Paulo |date=2011-08-30 |title=Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=35 |pages=14539–14544 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1105430108 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3167505 |pmid=21873232}}</ref> which allows fermentation at low temperatures. 

===In humans===
{{main |Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans}}
{{also |Humanzee}}
<!--for image, see that article-->
[[File:Oase 2-Homo Sapiens.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Oase 2]] skull may be a human-[[Neanderthal]] hybrid.]]

There is evidence of hybridization between modern humans and other species of the genus ''[[Homo]]''. In 2010, the [[Neanderthal genome project]] showed that 1–4% of DNA from all people living today, apart from most [[Sub-Saharan African]]s, is of Neanderthal heritage. Analyzing the genomes of 600 Europeans and East Asians found that combining them covered 20% of the Neanderthal genome that is in the modern human population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vernot |first1=B. |last2=Akey |first2=J. M. |date=2014 |title=Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes |journal=Science |volume=343 |issue=6174 |pages=1017–1021 |bibcode=2014Sci...343.1017V |doi=10.1126/science.1245938 |pmid=24476670 |s2cid=23003860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ancient human populations lived and interbred with Neanderthals, [[Denisovans]], and at least one other [[archaic human|extinct ''Homo'' species]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=R.E. |last2=Krause |first2=J. |last3=Briggs |first3=A.W. |last4=Maricic |first4=T. |last5=Stenzel |first5=U. |last6=Kircher |first6=M. |display-authors=etal |date=2010 |title=A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome |journal=Science |volume=328 |issue=5979 |pages=710–722 |bibcode=2010Sci...328..710G |doi=10.1126/science.1188021 |pmc=5100745 |pmid=20448178}}</ref> Thus, Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA has been incorporated into human DNA by introgression.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature13408 |pmid=25043035 |title=Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA |journal=Nature |volume=512 |issue=7513 |pages=194–197 |date=2014 |last1=Huerta-Sánchez |first1=Emilia |last2=Jin |first2=Xin |last3=Asan |last4=Bianba |first4=Zhuoma |last5=Peter |first5=Benjamin M. |last6=Vinckenbosch |first6=Nicolas |last7=Liang |first7=Yu |last8=Yi |first8=Xin |last9=He |first9=Mingze |last10=Somel |first10=Mehmet |last11=Ni |first11=Peixiang |last12=Wang |first12=Bo |last13=Ou |first13=Xiaohua |last14=Huasang |last15=Luosang |first15=Jiangbai |last16=Cuo |first16=Zha XiPing |last17=Li |first17=Kui |last18=Gao |first18=Guoyi |last19=Yin |first19=Ye |last20=Wang |first20=Wei |last21=Zhang |first21=Xiuqing |last22=Xu |first22=Xun |last23=Yang |first23=Huanming |last24=Li |first24=Yingrui |last25=Wang |first25=Jian |last26=Wang |first26=Jun |last27=Nielsen |first27=Rasmus |pmc=4134395|bibcode=2014Natur.512..194H}}</ref>

In 1998, a complete prehistorical skeleton found in [[Portugal]], the [[Lapedo child]], had features of both anatomically modern humans and [[Neanderthal]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duarte |first1=Cidalia |display-authors=etal |date=22 June 1999 |title=The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia |journal=PNAS |volume=96 |issue=13 |pages=7604–7609 |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.7604D |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604 |pmc=22133 |pmid=10377462 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some ancient human skulls with especially large nasal cavities and unusually shaped braincases represent human-Neanderthal hybrids. A 37,000- to 42,000-year-old [[Oase 2|human jawbone found in Romania's Oase cave]] contains traces of Neanderthal ancestry{{efn |Signs of Neanderthal lineage include a wide jaw and large teeth that get bigger toward the back of the mouth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bower |first1=Bruce |title=Animal hybrids may hold clues to Neandertal-human interbreeding |url= https://www.sciencenews.org/article/animal-hybrids-may-hold-clues-neandertal-human-interbreeding |work=Sciencenews |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170912002152/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/animal-hybrids-may-hold-clues-neandertal-human-interbreeding |url-status=live}}</ref>}} from only four to six generations earlier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=Qiaomei |display-authors=etal |title=An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor |journal=Nature |volume=524 |issue=7564 |date=13 August 2015 |pages=216–219 |doi=10.1038/nature14558|pmc=4537386 |pmid=26098372|bibcode=2015Natur.524..216F}}</ref> All genes from Neanderthals in the current human population are descended from Neanderthal fathers and human mothers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=C. C. |last2=Farina |first2=S. E. |last3=Li |first3=H. |title=Neanderthal DNA and modern human origins |journal=Quaternary International |date=2013 |orig-year=online 2012 |volume=295 |pages=126–129 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.027|bibcode=2013QuInt.295..126W}}</ref>
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