Editing Head of state (section)

====Reserve powers====
{{See also|reserve power}}
* ''Example 1 (semi-presidential republic):'' Title II, Article 16 of the [[French Constitution of 1958]] states:
** ''Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfilment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the [[President of France|President of the Republic]] shall take measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]], the [[French Parliament|Presidents of the Houses of Parliament]] and the [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]].<br />He shall address the Nation and inform it of such measures.<br />The measures shall be designed to provide the constitutional public authorities as swiftly as possible, with the means to carry out their duties. The Constitutional Council shall be consulted with regard to such measures.<br />Parliament shall sit as of right.<br />The [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] shall not be dissolved during the exercise of such emergency powers.<br />After thirty days of the exercise of such emergency powers, the matter may be referred to the Constitutional Council by the [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France|President of the National Assembly]], the [[List of Presidents of the French Senate|President of the Senate]], sixty Members of the National Assembly or sixty [[Senate (France)|Senators]], so as to decide if the conditions laid down in paragraph one still apply. The Council shall make its decision publicly as soon as possible. It shall, as of right, carry out such an examination and shall make its decision in the same manner after sixty days of the exercise of emergency powers or at any moment thereafter.''<ref name=france>[http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp Constitution of October 4, 1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301072754/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp |date=1 March 2010 }}, [[National Assembly (France)|The French National Assembly]]. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.</ref>
* ''Example 2 (executive monarchy):'' Articles 69 & 70 of the [[Constitution of Qatar]]:
** '''<small>Article 69</small>'''
*** ''The [[Emir of Qatar|Emir]] may, be a decree, declare [[Martial Law]]s in the country in the event of exceptional cases specified by the law; and in such cases, he may take all urgent necessary measures to counter any threat that undermine the safety of the State, the integrity of its territories or the security of its people and interests or obstruct the organs of the State from performing their duties. However, the decree must specify the nature of such exceptional cases for which the martial laws have been declared and clarify the measures taken to address this situation. [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Al-Shoura Council]] shall be notified of this decree within the fifteen days following its issue; and in the event that the Council is not in session for any reason whatsoever, the Council shall be notified of the decree at its first convening. Martial laws shall be declared for a limited period and the same shall not be extended unless approved by Al-Shoura Council.''
** '''<small>Article 70</small>'''
*** ''The Emir may, in the event of exceptional cases that require measures of utmost urgency which necessitate the issue of special laws and in case that Al-Shoura Council is not in session, issue pertinent decrees that have the power of law. Such decree-laws shall be submitted to Al-Shoura Council at its first meeting; and the Council may within a maximum period of forty days from the date of submission and with a two-thirds majority of its Members reject any of these decree-laws or request amendment thereof to be effected within a specified period of time; such decree-laws shall cease to have the power of law from the date of their rejection by the Council or where the period for effecting the amendments have expired.''<ref name=qatar/>